Syria Conflict, Birmingham Bombing Anniversary, Kever Avot

09/13/2013 | 25m 47s | Video has closed captioning.

A conversation with Brookings Institution scholar William Galston about moral considerations as the Syria crisis continues to unfold; the 50th anniversary of a bombing that killed four African-American girls in a Birmingham, Alabama church; and visiting the graves of one's ancestors during the Jewish High Holy Days.

Aired: 09/13/13

Rating: NR

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♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ >> Announcer: COMING UP, AS THE ♪ >> Announcer: COMING UP, AS THE FOCUS OF THE SYRIAN CRISIS TURNS >> Announcer: COMING UP, AS THE FOCUS OF THE SYRIAN CRISIS TURNS SUDDENLY IF AN IMMINENT U.S. FOCUS OF THE SYRIAN CRISIS TURNS SUDDENLY IF AN IMMINENT U.S. MILITARY STRIKE TO INTERNATIONAL SUDDENLY IF AN IMMINENT U.S. MILITARY STRIKE TO INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY, MANY RELIGIOUS MILITARY STRIKE TO INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY, MANY RELIGIOUS LEADERS CONTINUED THEIR DIPLOMACY, MANY RELIGIOUS LEADERS CONTINUED THEIR CAMPAIGNS FOR A PEACEFUL LEADERS CONTINUED THEIR CAMPAIGNS FOR A PEACEFUL SOLUTION.

CAMPAIGNS FOR A PEACEFUL SOLUTION.

WE EXPLORE WITH WILLIAM GALSTON, SOLUTION.

WE EXPLORE WITH WILLIAM GALSTON, THE MORAL CONSIDERATION.

>>> ALSO, KIM LAWTON ON THE 50th THE MORAL CONSIDERATION.

>>> ALSO, KIM LAWTON ON THE 50th ANNIVERSARY OF THE KLU KLUX KLAN >>> ALSO, KIM LAWTON ON THE 50th ANNIVERSARY OF THE KLU KLUX KLAN BOMBING OF THE 16th STREET ANNIVERSARY OF THE KLU KLUX KLAN BOMBING OF THE 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH IN BIRMINGHAM, BOMBING OF THE 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH IN BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA, WHICH KILLED FOUR YOUNG BAPTIST CHURCH IN BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA, WHICH KILLED FOUR YOUNG BLACK GIRLS.

ALABAMA, WHICH KILLED FOUR YOUNG BLACK GIRLS.

>> IT SHOOK THE FABRIC OF OUR BLACK GIRLS.

>> IT SHOOK THE FABRIC OF OUR SOCIETY, BROADLY, NOT ONLY IN >> IT SHOOK THE FABRIC OF OUR SOCIETY, BROADLY, NOT ONLY IN BIRMINGHAM, BUT IN THE COUNTRY.

SOCIETY, BROADLY, NOT ONLY IN BIRMINGHAM, BUT IN THE COUNTRY.

>>> AND CELEBRATING THE JOY AND BIRMINGHAM, BUT IN THE COUNTRY.

>>> AND CELEBRATING THE JOY AND VALUE OF LIFE DURING THETS.

THAT'S WHY WE'RE YOU'RE VALUE OF LIFE DURING THETS.

THAT'S WHY WE'RE YOU'RE RETIREMENT COMPANY.

>>> WELCOME, I'M BOB ABERNATHY, RETIREMENT COMPANY.

>>> WELCOME, I'M BOB ABERNATHY, IT'S GOOD TO HAVE YOU WITH US.

THERE WERE MAJOR EFFORTS THIS IT'S GOOD TO HAVE YOU WITH US.

THERE WERE MAJOR EFFORTS THIS WEEK TO PREVENT A U.S. MILITARY THERE WERE MAJOR EFFORTS THIS WEEK TO PREVENT A U.S. MILITARY STRIKE AGAINST SYRIA.

WEEK TO PREVENT A U.S. MILITARY STRIKE AGAINST SYRIA.

SECRETARY OF STATE JOHN KERRY STRIKE AGAINST SYRIA.

SECRETARY OF STATE JOHN KERRY BEGAN MEETING WITH RUSSIAN SECRETARY OF STATE JOHN KERRY BEGAN MEETING WITH RUSSIAN OFFICIALS TO EXPLORE A POSSIBLE BEGAN MEETING WITH RUSSIAN OFFICIALS TO EXPLORE A POSSIBLE AGREEMENT WITH SYRIA, TO TURN OFFICIALS TO EXPLORE A POSSIBLE AGREEMENT WITH SYRIA, TO TURN OVER ITS CHEMICAL WEAPONS TO AGREEMENT WITH SYRIA, TO TURN OVER ITS CHEMICAL WEAPONS TO INTERNATIONAL SUPERVISION.

OVER ITS CHEMICAL WEAPONS TO INTERNATIONAL SUPERVISION.

EARLIER, PRESIDENT OBAMA INTERNATIONAL SUPERVISION.

EARLIER, PRESIDENT OBAMA MAINTAINED HIS SUPPORT FOR A EARLIER, PRESIDENT OBAMA MAINTAINED HIS SUPPORT FOR A STRIKE, BUT ASKED CONGRESS TO MAINTAINED HIS SUPPORT FOR A STRIKE, BUT ASKED CONGRESS TO DELAY VOTING ON IT SO THE STRIKE, BUT ASKED CONGRESS TO DELAY VOTING ON IT SO THE DIPLOMATIC TALKS COULD TAKE DELAY VOTING ON IT SO THE DIPLOMATIC TALKS COULD TAKE PLACE.

DIPLOMATIC TALKS COULD TAKE PLACE.

RELIGIOUS GROUPS AROUND THE PLACE.

RELIGIOUS GROUPS AROUND THE WORLD, MEANWHILE, RAMPED UP RELIGIOUS GROUPS AROUND THE WORLD, MEANWHILE, RAMPED UP THEIR OPPOSITION TO U.S. WORLD, MEANWHILE, RAMPED UP THEIR OPPOSITION TO U.S. MILITARY ACTION.

THEIR OPPOSITION TO U.S. MILITARY ACTION.

AT THE VATICAN, THOUSANDS JOINED MILITARY ACTION.

AT THE VATICAN, THOUSANDS JOINED POPE FRANCIS AT A PRAYER VIGIL AT THE VATICAN, THOUSANDS JOINED POPE FRANCIS AT A PRAYER VIGIL FOR PEACE.

POPE FRANCIS AT A PRAYER VIGIL FOR PEACE.

AND IN WASHINGTON, CARDINAL FOR PEACE.

AND IN WASHINGTON, CARDINAL TIMOTHY DOLAN, HEAD OF THE U.S. AND IN WASHINGTON, CARDINAL TIMOTHY DOLAN, HEAD OF THE U.S. BISHOPS' CONFERENCE WARNED TIMOTHY DOLAN, HEAD OF THE U.S. BISHOPS' CONFERENCE WARNED AGAINST A MILITARY STRIKE.

BISHOPS' CONFERENCE WARNED AGAINST A MILITARY STRIKE.

>> WE'VE LEARNED THE HARD WAY, AGAINST A MILITARY STRIKE.

>> WE'VE LEARNED THE HARD WAY, VIOLENCE SPURS MORE VIOLENCE.

MOST TIMES, IT'S THE INNOCENT VIOLENCE SPURS MORE VIOLENCE.

MOST TIMES, IT'S THE INNOCENT PEOPLE.

MANY OF THEM, THEY PAY THE WORST PEOPLE.

MANY OF THEM, THEY PAY THE WORST PRICE.

>> KIM LAWTON, OUR MANAGING PRICE.

>> KIM LAWTON, OUR MANAGING EDITOR JOINS ME TO TALK ABOUT >> KIM LAWTON, OUR MANAGING EDITOR JOINS ME TO TALK ABOUT THE MORAL CONSIDERATIONS EDITOR JOINS ME TO TALK ABOUT THE MORAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING SYRIA WITH WILLIAM THE MORAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING SYRIA WITH WILLIAM GALSTON, A SENIOR FELLOW AT THE REGARDING SYRIA WITH WILLIAM GALSTON, A SENIOR FELLOW AT THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION IN GALSTON, A SENIOR FELLOW AT THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION IN WASHINGTON.

BROOKINGS INSTITUTION IN WASHINGTON.

BILL, WELCOME.

WASHINGTON.

BILL, WELCOME.

WHAT WOULD BE SO BAD ABOUT BILL, WELCOME.

WHAT WOULD BE SO BAD ABOUT SAYING OKAY, WE'RE NOT GOING TO WHAT WOULD BE SO BAD ABOUT SAYING OKAY, WE'RE NOT GOING TO SEND ANY MISSILE STRIKES INTO SAYING OKAY, WE'RE NOT GOING TO SEND ANY MISSILE STRIKES INTO SYRIA.

SEND ANY MISSILE STRIKES INTO SYRIA.

AND YOU, GIVE UP ALL YOUR SYRIA.

AND YOU, GIVE UP ALL YOUR CHEMICAL WEAPONS IN RETURN?

ISN'T THAT A PRETTY GOOD DEAL?

CHEMICAL WEAPONS IN RETURN?

ISN'T THAT A PRETTY GOOD DEAL?

>> AT THE END OF THE DAY, THOSE ISN'T THAT A PRETTY GOOD DEAL?

>> AT THE END OF THE DAY, THOSE TWO ISSUES MAY BE LINKED.

BUT RIGHT NOW, AS SECRETARY TWO ISSUES MAY BE LINKED.

BUT RIGHT NOW, AS SECRETARY KERRY HAS RIGHTLY SAID, IT IS BUT RIGHT NOW, AS SECRETARY KERRY HAS RIGHTLY SAID, IT IS ONLY THE THREAT OF FORCE THAT KERRY HAS RIGHTLY SAID, IT IS ONLY THE THREAT OF FORCE THAT HAS BROUGHT THE SYRIANS TO THIS ONLY THE THREAT OF FORCE THAT HAS BROUGHT THE SYRIANS TO THIS POINT.

HAS BROUGHT THE SYRIANS TO THIS POINT.

A POINT THAT THEY HAVE RESISTED POINT.

A POINT THAT THEY HAVE RESISTED FOR DECADES.

HAVE NOT BEEN A SIGNATORY TO THE FOR DECADES.

HAVE NOT BEEN A SIGNATORY TO THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION HAVE NOT BEEN A SIGNATORY TO THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION UNTIL, UNTIL THE PAST FEW DAYS.

CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION UNTIL, UNTIL THE PAST FEW DAYS.

SO THAT IT IS UNREALISTIC TO UNTIL, UNTIL THE PAST FEW DAYS.

SO THAT IT IS UNREALISTIC TO FORESWEAR THE USE OF FORCE, SO THAT IT IS UNREALISTIC TO FORESWEAR THE USE OF FORCE, UNLESS AND UNTIL AN AGREEMENT FORESWEAR THE USE OF FORCE, UNLESS AND UNTIL AN AGREEMENT CAN BE REACHED THAT ACHIEVES THE UNLESS AND UNTIL AN AGREEMENT CAN BE REACHED THAT ACHIEVES THE OBJECTIVES.

CAN BE REACHED THAT ACHIEVES THE OBJECTIVES.

>> PART OF THE ISSUE FOR THOSE OBJECTIVES.

>> PART OF THE ISSUE FOR THOSE WHO SUPPORTED THE MILITARY >> PART OF THE ISSUE FOR THOSE WHO SUPPORTED THE MILITARY STRIKES, WAS THAT IT'S NOT JUST WHO SUPPORTED THE MILITARY STRIKES, WAS THAT IT'S NOT JUST A DETERRENT.

STRIKES, WAS THAT IT'S NOT JUST A DETERRENT.

TO PREVENT THIS FROM HAPPENING A DETERRENT.

TO PREVENT THIS FROM HAPPENING IN THE FUTURE.

BUT IT WOULD ALSO HAVE BEEN A IN THE FUTURE.

BUT IT WOULD ALSO HAVE BEEN A PUNISHMENT TO SHOW ASSAD AND BUT IT WOULD ALSO HAVE BEEN A PUNISHMENT TO SHOW ASSAD AND ANYONE ELSE THAT THE WORLD WILL PUNISHMENT TO SHOW ASSAD AND ANYONE ELSE THAT THE WORLD WILL NOT TOLERATE THAT IF THERE WAS A ANYONE ELSE THAT THE WORLD WILL NOT TOLERATE THAT IF THERE WAS A DIPLOMATIC SETTLEMENT, DOES THAT NOT TOLERATE THAT IF THERE WAS A DIPLOMATIC SETTLEMENT, DOES THAT IN SOME WAY LESSEN THE MORAL DIPLOMATIC SETTLEMENT, DOES THAT IN SOME WAY LESSEN THE MORAL CONSEQUENCE OF DOING THOSE KIND IN SOME WAY LESSEN THE MORAL CONSEQUENCE OF DOING THOSE KIND OF ACTS?

CONSEQUENCE OF DOING THOSE KIND OF ACTS?

>> IN A WAY, IT DOES.

OF ACTS?

>> IN A WAY, IT DOES.

AND THAT'S ON ONE SIDE OF THE >> IN A WAY, IT DOES.

AND THAT'S ON ONE SIDE OF THE MORAL SCALES.

ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MORAL MORAL SCALES.

ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MORAL SCALES, IS THE FACT THAT THE USE ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MORAL SCALES, IS THE FACT THAT THE USE OF FORCE IS ALWAYS FROM THE SCALES, IS THE FACT THAT THE USE OF FORCE IS ALWAYS FROM THE MORAL POINT OF VIEW, A LAST OF FORCE IS ALWAYS FROM THE MORAL POINT OF VIEW, A LAST RESORT, ONCE YOU INITIATE THE MORAL POINT OF VIEW, A LAST RESORT, ONCE YOU INITIATE THE USE OF FORCE, NOT ONLY WILL RESORT, ONCE YOU INITIATE THE USE OF FORCE, NOT ONLY WILL THERE BE INEVITABLY COLLATERAL USE OF FORCE, NOT ONLY WILL THERE BE INEVITABLY COLLATERAL DAMAGE, CIVILIAN DEATHS, BUT THERE BE INEVITABLY COLLATERAL DAMAGE, CIVILIAN DEATHS, BUT ALSO UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES.

DAMAGE, CIVILIAN DEATHS, BUT ALSO UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES.

SO WITH ALL OF THAT ON THE OTHER ALSO UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES.

SO WITH ALL OF THAT ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE SCALE, IF WE CAN SO WITH ALL OF THAT ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE SCALE, IF WE CAN REALLY ACHIEVE THE SIDE OF THE SCALE, IF WE CAN REALLY ACHIEVE THE INTERNATIONALIZATION AND THEN REALLY ACHIEVE THE INTERNATIONALIZATION AND THEN THE DESTRUCTION OF THESE INTERNATIONALIZATION AND THEN THE DESTRUCTION OF THESE TERRIBLE WEAPONS THAT THE WORLD THE DESTRUCTION OF THESE TERRIBLE WEAPONS THAT THE WORLD HAS FORESWORN FOR A CENTURY NOW, TERRIBLE WEAPONS THAT THE WORLD HAS FORESWORN FOR A CENTURY NOW, THEN I THINK THAT'S A VERY, HAS FORESWORN FOR A CENTURY NOW, THEN I THINK THAT'S A VERY, THAT'S A DEFENSIBLE BARGAIN, BUT THEN I THINK THAT'S A VERY, THAT'S A DEFENSIBLE BARGAIN, BUT WE'RE A LONG WAY FROM HAVING THAT'S A DEFENSIBLE BARGAIN, BUT WE'RE A LONG WAY FROM HAVING REACHED THAT POINT, WE'RE A LONG WAY FROM HAVING REACHED THAT POINT, UNFORTUNATELY.

REACHED THAT POINT, UNFORTUNATELY.

>> BILL, HA HAPPENS IF THE UNFORTUNATELY.

>> BILL, HA HAPPENS IF THE DIPLOMACY DOES NOT WORK?

WHAT HAPPENS IF IT GOES ON AND DIPLOMACY DOES NOT WORK?

WHAT HAPPENS IF IT GOES ON AND ON AND ON?

>> IN MY VIEW, THE PRESIDENT AND ON AND ON?

>> IN MY VIEW, THE PRESIDENT AND THE SECRETARY OF STATE WOULD BE >> IN MY VIEW, THE PRESIDENT AND THE SECRETARY OF STATE WOULD BE WELL ADVISED TO MAKE IT CLEAR THE SECRETARY OF STATE WOULD BE WELL ADVISED TO MAKE IT CLEAR THAT THIS IS NOT GOING TO BE AN WELL ADVISED TO MAKE IT CLEAR THAT THIS IS NOT GOING TO BE AN UNENDING DIPLOMATIC PROCESS.

THAT THIS IS NOT GOING TO BE AN UNENDING DIPLOMATIC PROCESS.

WE'RE NOT GOING TO GET SUCKED UNENDING DIPLOMATIC PROCESS.

WE'RE NOT GOING TO GET SUCKED INTO A MORASS THAT LEAVES US WE'RE NOT GOING TO GET SUCKED INTO A MORASS THAT LEAVES US MONTHS FROM NOW IN THE SAME INTO A MORASS THAT LEAVES US MONTHS FROM NOW IN THE SAME PLACE THAT WE ARE NOW.

MONTHS FROM NOW IN THE SAME PLACE THAT WE ARE NOW.

AND THE PRESIDENT, I THINK PLACE THAT WE ARE NOW.

AND THE PRESIDENT, I THINK SHOULD MAKE THAT CRYSTAL CLEAR, AND THE PRESIDENT, I THINK SHOULD MAKE THAT CRYSTAL CLEAR, WHETHER HE SHOULD ISSUE AN SHOULD MAKE THAT CRYSTAL CLEAR, WHETHER HE SHOULD ISSUE AN ULTIMATUM WITH A DATE CERTAIN, WHETHER HE SHOULD ISSUE AN ULTIMATUM WITH A DATE CERTAIN, I'LL LEAVE TO OTHERS TO ULTIMATUM WITH A DATE CERTAIN, I'LL LEAVE TO OTHERS TO DETERMINE.

I'LL LEAVE TO OTHERS TO DETERMINE.

BUT HE HAS TO LEAVE OPEN THE DETERMINE.

BUT HE HAS TO LEAVE OPEN THE POSSIBILITY OF AN OPEN-ENDED BUT HE HAS TO LEAVE OPEN THE POSSIBILITY OF AN OPEN-ENDED NEGOTIATION.

POSSIBILITY OF AN OPEN-ENDED NEGOTIATION.

>> PRESIDENT OBAMA SAID WE HAVE NEGOTIATION.

>> PRESIDENT OBAMA SAID WE HAVE TO ACT THIS IS WHO WE ARE, IT'S >> PRESIDENT OBAMA SAID WE HAVE TO ACT THIS IS WHO WE ARE, IT'S WHAT MAKES AMERICA EXCEPTIONAL.

TO ACT THIS IS WHO WE ARE, IT'S WHAT MAKES AMERICA EXCEPTIONAL.

AND THE RUSSIAN PRESIDENT SAID WHAT MAKES AMERICA EXCEPTIONAL.

AND THE RUSSIAN PRESIDENT SAID HEY, IT'S DANGEROUS TO SAY WE'RE AND THE RUSSIAN PRESIDENT SAID HEY, IT'S DANGEROUS TO SAY WE'RE EXCEPTIONAL, GOD CREATED HEY, IT'S DANGEROUS TO SAY WE'RE EXCEPTIONAL, GOD CREATED EVERYBODY EQUAL.

EXCEPTIONAL, GOD CREATED EVERYBODY EQUAL.

WHAT RULE DOES THIS AMERICAN EVERYBODY EQUAL.

WHAT RULE DOES THIS AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM, THIS IDEA THAT WHAT RULE DOES THIS AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM, THIS IDEA THAT WE'RE SPECIAL PLAY IN FOREIGN EXCEPTIONALISM, THIS IDEA THAT WE'RE SPECIAL PLAY IN FOREIGN POLICY.

WE'RE SPECIAL PLAY IN FOREIGN POLICY.

>> AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM IS AN POLICY.

>> AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM IS AN IDEA WITH A VERY LONG HISTORY >> AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM IS AN IDEA WITH A VERY LONG HISTORY AND IT HAS TO DO WITH THE IDEA WITH A VERY LONG HISTORY AND IT HAS TO DO WITH THE RELIGIOUS BASIS OF THE COUNTRY.

AND IT HAS TO DO WITH THE RELIGIOUS BASIS OF THE COUNTRY.

WITH OUR INSTITUTIONS, WITH OUR RELIGIOUS BASIS OF THE COUNTRY.

WITH OUR INSTITUTIONS, WITH OUR SPECIAL HISTORY.

WITH THE UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES SPECIAL HISTORY.

WITH THE UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES THAT WE STAND FOR.

BUT RIGHT NOW, PRACTICALLY, THAT WE STAND FOR.

BUT RIGHT NOW, PRACTICALLY, AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM MEANS BUT RIGHT NOW, PRACTICALLY, AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM MEANS THAT THE PEACE IS SECURED AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM MEANS THAT THE PEACE IS SECURED THROUGH THE PRESENCE OF AMERICAN THAT THE PEACE IS SECURED THROUGH THE PRESENCE OF AMERICAN POWER AROUND THE WORLD.

THROUGH THE PRESENCE OF AMERICAN POWER AROUND THE WORLD.

FOR EXAMPLE, THE FREEDOM OF THE POWER AROUND THE WORLD.

FOR EXAMPLE, THE FREEDOM OF THE SEAS IS GUARANTEED BY THE UNITED FOR EXAMPLE, THE FREEDOM OF THE SEAS IS GUARANTEED BY THE UNITED STATES NAVY IN A WAY THAT IN THE SEAS IS GUARANTEED BY THE UNITED STATES NAVY IN A WAY THAT IN THE SAME WAY THAT IN A PREVIOUS STATES NAVY IN A WAY THAT IN THE SAME WAY THAT IN A PREVIOUS CENTURY, IT WAS GUARANTEED BY SAME WAY THAT IN A PREVIOUS CENTURY, IT WAS GUARANTEED BY THE BRITISH NAVY.

CENTURY, IT WAS GUARANTEED BY THE BRITISH NAVY.

AND IF WE WERE TO STAND DOWN, OR THE BRITISH NAVY.

AND IF WE WERE TO STAND DOWN, OR MOVE BACK, THE RESULT WOULD NOT AND IF WE WERE TO STAND DOWN, OR MOVE BACK, THE RESULT WOULD NOT BE SPONTANEOUS PEACE.

MOVE BACK, THE RESULT WOULD NOT BE SPONTANEOUS PEACE.

IT WOULD BE ANARCHY.

BE SPONTANEOUS PEACE.

IT WOULD BE ANARCHY.

IF YOU, IF YOU LIKE SOMALIA, IT WOULD BE ANARCHY.

IF YOU, IF YOU LIKE SOMALIA, SOMALI PIRATES, YOU WOULD SEE A IF YOU, IF YOU LIKE SOMALIA, SOMALI PIRATES, YOU WOULD SEE A LOT MORE OF THEM ABSENT THE U.S. SOMALI PIRATES, YOU WOULD SEE A LOT MORE OF THEM ABSENT THE U.S. NAVY.

LOT MORE OF THEM ABSENT THE U.S. NAVY.

SO AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM MEANS NAVY.

SO AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM MEANS RIGHT NOW THAT WE'RE THE ONLY SO AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM MEANS RIGHT NOW THAT WE'RE THE ONLY COUNTRY WITH THE ABILITY TO RIGHT NOW THAT WE'RE THE ONLY COUNTRY WITH THE ABILITY TO DETER A BUNCH OF BAD GUYS IF COUNTRY WITH THE ABILITY TO DETER A BUNCH OF BAD GUYS IF DOING A BUNCH OF BAD THINGS IN DETER A BUNCH OF BAD GUYS IF DOING A BUNCH OF BAD THINGS IN ALL SORTS OF DIFFERENT AREAS.

DOING A BUNCH OF BAD THINGS IN ALL SORTS OF DIFFERENT AREAS.

>> BUT BILL, QUICKLY, DOES THAT ALL SORTS OF DIFFERENT AREAS.

>> BUT BILL, QUICKLY, DOES THAT MEAN WE HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO >> BUT BILL, QUICKLY, DOES THAT MEAN WE HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO INTERVENE ANY PLACE IN THE WORLD MEAN WE HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO INTERVENE ANY PLACE IN THE WORLD WHERE DICTATORS ARE DOING BAD INTERVENE ANY PLACE IN THE WORLD WHERE DICTATORS ARE DOING BAD THINGS TO THEIR PEOPLE?

WHERE DICTATORS ARE DOING BAD THINGS TO THEIR PEOPLE?

>> ABSOLUTELY NOT.

THINGS TO THEIR PEOPLE?

>> ABSOLUTELY NOT.

THE PRESIDENT HAS MADE THAT >> ABSOLUTELY NOT.

THE PRESIDENT HAS MADE THAT POINT CLEAR.

BUT THE FACT THAT WE HAVE POINT CLEAR.

BUT THE FACT THAT WE HAVE NEITHER THE RESPONSIBILITY NOR BUT THE FACT THAT WE HAVE NEITHER THE RESPONSIBILITY NOR THE CAPACITY TO INTERVENE NEITHER THE RESPONSIBILITY NOR THE CAPACITY TO INTERVENE EVERYWHERE DOESN'T MEAN THAT WE THE CAPACITY TO INTERVENE EVERYWHERE DOESN'T MEAN THAT WE HAVE THE RIGHT TO INTERVENE EVERYWHERE DOESN'T MEAN THAT WE HAVE THE RIGHT TO INTERVENE NOWHERE.

HAVE THE RIGHT TO INTERVENE NOWHERE.

WE SHOULD DO WHAT WE CAN, NOWHERE.

WE SHOULD DO WHAT WE CAN, CONSISTENT WITH POSSIBILITY.

>> BILL GALSTON OF THE BROOKINGS CONSISTENT WITH POSSIBILITY.

>> BILL GALSTON OF THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION, MANY THANKS TO YOU.

>> MY PLEASURE.

>>> IN OTHER NEWS, FAITH GROUPS >>> IN OTHER NEWS, FAITH GROUPS WERE AMONG THOSE WHO MARKED THE >>> IN OTHER NEWS, FAITH GROUPS WERE AMONG THOSE WHO MARKED THE 12th ANNIVERSARY OF 9/11.

WERE AMONG THOSE WHO MARKED THE 12th ANNIVERSARY OF 9/11.

AT AN ANNUAL UNITY WALK IN 12th ANNIVERSARY OF 9/11.

AT AN ANNUAL UNITY WALK IN WASHINGTON, MEMBERS OF DIFFERENT AT AN ANNUAL UNITY WALK IN WASHINGTON, MEMBERS OF DIFFERENT RELIGIONS CAME TOGETHER TO WASHINGTON, MEMBERS OF DIFFERENT RELIGIONS CAME TOGETHER TO PROMOTE INTERFAITH RELIGIONS CAME TOGETHER TO PROMOTE INTERFAITH UNDERSTANDING.

PROMOTE INTERFAITH UNDERSTANDING.

THE DAY INCLUDED VISITS TO UNDERSTANDING.

THE DAY INCLUDED VISITS TO SEVERAL HOUSES OF WORSHIP, AND THE DAY INCLUDED VISITS TO SEVERAL HOUSES OF WORSHIP, AND PRAYERS LED BY A DIVERSE GROUP SEVERAL HOUSES OF WORSHIP, AND PRAYERS LED BY A DIVERSE GROUP OF CLERGY.

PRAYERS LED BY A DIVERSE GROUP OF CLERGY.

THERE WAS ALSO A LARGE COMMUNITY OF CLERGY.

THERE WAS ALSO A LARGE COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT.

WHERE PEOPLE PREPARED FOOD FOR SERVICE PROJECT.

WHERE PEOPLE PREPARED FOOD FOR LOCAL FOOD BANKS.

>>> POPE FRANCIS THIS WEEK LOCAL FOOD BANKS.

>>> POPE FRANCIS THIS WEEK STRESSED THE NEED FOR DIALOGUE >>> POPE FRANCIS THIS WEEK STRESSED THE NEED FOR DIALOGUE BETWEEN BELIEVERS AND STRESSED THE NEED FOR DIALOGUE BETWEEN BELIEVERS AND NONBELIEVERS.

BETWEEN BELIEVERS AND NONBELIEVERS.

THE POPE'S COMMENTS CAME IN A NONBELIEVERS.

THE POPE'S COMMENTS CAME IN A LETTER PUBLISHED IN ITALY'S THE POPE'S COMMENTS CAME IN A LETTER PUBLISHED IN ITALY'S POPULAR PAPER, "LA REPUBLICA."

LETTER PUBLISHED IN ITALY'S POPULAR PAPER, "LA REPUBLICA."

ONE OF THE PAPER'S FOUNDERS, AN POPULAR PAPER, "LA REPUBLICA."

ONE OF THE PAPER'S FOUNDERS, AN ATHEIST, HAD WRITTEN A LETTER TO ONE OF THE PAPER'S FOUNDERS, AN ATHEIST, HAD WRITTEN A LETTER TO THE POPE ASKING IF THE GOD ATHEIST, HAD WRITTEN A LETTER TO THE POPE ASKING IF THE GOD FORGIVES THOSE WHO HAVE NO THE POPE ASKING IF THE GOD FORGIVES THOSE WHO HAVE NO FAITH.

FORGIVES THOSE WHO HAVE NO FAITH.

THE POPE RESPONDED GOD'S MERCY FAITH.

THE POPE RESPONDED GOD'S MERCY KNOWS NO LIMITS AND THOSE WHO DO THE POPE RESPONDED GOD'S MERCY KNOWS NO LIMITS AND THOSE WHO DO NOT OBEY GOD MUST OBEY THEIR OWN KNOWS NO LIMITS AND THOSE WHO DO NOT OBEY GOD MUST OBEY THEIR OWN CONSCIOUSES.

NOT OBEY GOD MUST OBEY THEIR OWN CONSCIOUSES.

THE POPE MADE ANOTHER STATEMENT, CONSCIOUSES.

THE POPE MADE ANOTHER STATEMENT, SAYING ATHEIST WHO IS DO GOOD THE POPE MADE ANOTHER STATEMENT, SAYING ATHEIST WHO IS DO GOOD CAN BE REDEEMED.

SAYING ATHEIST WHO IS DO GOOD CAN BE REDEEMED.

>>> AS CONGRESS RETURNED TO CAN BE REDEEMED.

>>> AS CONGRESS RETURNED TO WASHINGTON, RELIGIOUS LEADERS >>> AS CONGRESS RETURNED TO WASHINGTON, RELIGIOUS LEADERS RENEWED THEIR PUSH FOR WASHINGTON, RELIGIOUS LEADERS RENEWED THEIR PUSH FOR COMPREHENSIVE IMMIGRATION RENEWED THEIR PUSH FOR COMPREHENSIVE IMMIGRATION REFORM.

COMPREHENSIVE IMMIGRATION REFORM.

A GROUP CALLED THE INTERFAITH REFORM.

A GROUP CALLED THE INTERFAITH IMMIGRATION COALITION ANNOUNCED A GROUP CALLED THE INTERFAITH IMMIGRATION COALITION ANNOUNCED 40 DAYS OF PRAYER, FASTING AND IMMIGRATION COALITION ANNOUNCED 40 DAYS OF PRAYER, FASTING AND ADVOCACY.

40 DAYS OF PRAYER, FASTING AND ADVOCACY.

>>> AT A CEREMONY IN THE U.S.

ADVOCACY.

>>> AT A CEREMONY IN THE U.S. CAPITAL THIS WEEK, THE >>> AT A CEREMONY IN THE U.S. CAPITAL THIS WEEK, THE CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL, THE CAPITAL THIS WEEK, THE CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL, THE NATION'S HIGHEST CIVILIAN HONOR CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL, THE NATION'S HIGHEST CIVILIAN HONOR WAS AWARDED POSTHUMOUSLY TO FOUR NATION'S HIGHEST CIVILIAN HONOR WAS AWARDED POSTHUMOUSLY TO FOUR YOUNG BLACK GIRLS WHO WERE WAS AWARDED POSTHUMOUSLY TO FOUR YOUNG BLACK GIRLS WHO WERE KILLED DURING THE BOMBING OF A YOUNG BLACK GIRLS WHO WERE KILLED DURING THE BOMBING OF A BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA CHURCH, 50 KILLED DURING THE BOMBING OF A BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA CHURCH, 50 YEARS AGO.

BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA CHURCH, 50 YEARS AGO.

ON SEPTEMBER 15th, 1963, LESS YEARS AGO.

ON SEPTEMBER 15th, 1963, LESS THAN THREE WEEKS AFTER THE MARCH ON SEPTEMBER 15th, 1963, LESS THAN THREE WEEKS AFTER THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON, MEMBERS OF THE THAN THREE WEEKS AFTER THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON, MEMBERS OF THE KLU KLUX KLAN SET THE BOMB TO GO ON WASHINGTON, MEMBERS OF THE KLU KLUX KLAN SET THE BOMB TO GO OFF SUNDAY MORNING, AT 16th KLU KLUX KLAN SET THE BOMB TO GO OFF SUNDAY MORNING, AT 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH.

OFF SUNDAY MORNING, AT 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH.

KIM LAWTON HAS OUR SPECIAL STREET BAPTIST CHURCH.

KIM LAWTON HAS OUR SPECIAL REPORT ON THE IMPACTS OF THAT KIM LAWTON HAS OUR SPECIAL REPORT ON THE IMPACTS OF THAT EVENT THEN AND NOW.

REPORT ON THE IMPACTS OF THAT EVENT THEN AND NOW.

♪ EVENT THEN AND NOW.

♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ >> IT'S SUNDAY MORNING AT 16th ♪ >> IT'S SUNDAY MORNING AT 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH IN >> IT'S SUNDAY MORNING AT 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH IN BIRMINGHAM.

STREET BAPTIST CHURCH IN BIRMINGHAM.

SUNDAY SCHOOL IS FINISHED AND BIRMINGHAM.

SUNDAY SCHOOL IS FINISHED AND THE 11:00 WORSHIP SERVICE HAS SUNDAY SCHOOL IS FINISHED AND THE 11:00 WORSHIP SERVICE HAS JUST GOTTEN UNDER WAY.

THE 11:00 WORSHIP SERVICE HAS JUST GOTTEN UNDER WAY.

TODAY, THE YOUTH CHOIR IS JUST GOTTEN UNDER WAY.

TODAY, THE YOUTH CHOIR IS SINGING.

THIS IS HOW THINGS WERE SUPPOSED SINGING.

THIS IS HOW THINGS WERE SUPPOSED TO GO ON THAT SUNDAY MORNING, 50 THIS IS HOW THINGS WERE SUPPOSED TO GO ON THAT SUNDAY MORNING, 50 YEARS AGO AS WELL.

TO GO ON THAT SUNDAY MORNING, 50 YEARS AGO AS WELL.

THEN A BOMB MADE OF AT LEAST TEN YEARS AGO AS WELL.

THEN A BOMB MADE OF AT LEAST TEN STICKS OF DYNAMITE EXPLODED, THEN A BOMB MADE OF AT LEAST TEN STICKS OF DYNAMITE EXPLODED, KILLING FOUR YOUNG GIRLS INSIDE STICKS OF DYNAMITE EXPLODED, KILLING FOUR YOUNG GIRLS INSIDE THE CHURCH.

KILLING FOUR YOUNG GIRLS INSIDE THE CHURCH.

>> IT SHOOK THE VERY FABRIC OF THE CHURCH.

>> IT SHOOK THE VERY FABRIC OF OUR SOCIETY.

BROADLY, NOT ONLY IN BIRMINGHAM, OUR SOCIETY.

BROADLY, NOT ONLY IN BIRMINGHAM, BUT IN THE COUNTRY.

BECAUSE OF FOUR LITTLE GIRLS BUT IN THE COUNTRY.

BECAUSE OF FOUR LITTLE GIRLS DRESSED IN WHITE FOR SUNDAY BECAUSE OF FOUR LITTLE GIRLS DRESSED IN WHITE FOR SUNDAY SCHOOL CAN BE BLOWN TO PIECES DRESSED IN WHITE FOR SUNDAY SCHOOL CAN BE BLOWN TO PIECES BECAUSE OF HATRED, EVERYONE HAS SCHOOL CAN BE BLOWN TO PIECES BECAUSE OF HATRED, EVERYONE HAS TO STOP AND THINK -- WHERE ARE BECAUSE OF HATRED, EVERYONE HAS TO STOP AND THINK -- WHERE ARE WE GOING AS A SOCIETY?

TO STOP AND THINK -- WHERE ARE WE GOING AS A SOCIETY?

>> THE BOMBING CAME AMID ONGOING WE GOING AS A SOCIETY?

>> THE BOMBING CAME AMID ONGOING RACIAL TURMOIL IN BIRMINGHAM, >> THE BOMBING CAME AMID ONGOING RACIAL TURMOIL IN BIRMINGHAM, AND ACROSS THE U.S.

RACIAL TURMOIL IN BIRMINGHAM, AND ACROSS THE U.S. AT THE BEGINNING OF 1963, AND ACROSS THE U.S. AT THE BEGINNING OF 1963, REVEREND MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. AT THE BEGINNING OF 1963, REVEREND MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. HAD DECIDED TO MAKE BIRMINGHAM REVEREND MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. HAD DECIDED TO MAKE BIRMINGHAM THE CENTER OF A NEW NONVIOLENT HAD DECIDED TO MAKE BIRMINGHAM THE CENTER OF A NEW NONVIOLENT CAMPAIGN TO END SEGREGATION.

THE CENTER OF A NEW NONVIOLENT CAMPAIGN TO END SEGREGATION.

FOR YEARS, MANY BIRMINGHAM CAMPAIGN TO END SEGREGATION.

FOR YEARS, MANY BIRMINGHAM CHURCHES HAD BEEN FIGHTING FOR YEARS, MANY BIRMINGHAM CHURCHES HAD BEEN FIGHTING SEGREGATION UNDER THE LEADERSHIP CHURCHES HAD BEEN FIGHTING SEGREGATION UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF REVEREND FRED SHUTTLESWORTH.

SEGREGATION UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF REVEREND FRED SHUTTLESWORTH.

BUT THE LARGELY MIDDLE CLASS OF REVEREND FRED SHUTTLESWORTH.

BUT THE LARGELY MIDDLE CLASS 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH HAD BUT THE LARGELY MIDDLE CLASS 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH HAD NOT TAKEN AN ACTIVE ROLE IN THAT 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH HAD NOT TAKEN AN ACTIVE ROLE IN THAT EFFORT.

NOT TAKEN AN ACTIVE ROLE IN THAT EFFORT.

GLENN ESKEW IS PROFESSOR OF EFFORT.

GLENN ESKEW IS PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AT GEORGIA STATE GLENN ESKEW IS PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AT GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY AND AUTHOR OF THE HISTORY AT GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY AND AUTHOR OF THE BOOK "BUT FOR BIRMINGHAM."

UNIVERSITY AND AUTHOR OF THE BOOK "BUT FOR BIRMINGHAM."

>> WHEN KING ARRIVED IN BOOK "BUT FOR BIRMINGHAM."

>> WHEN KING ARRIVED IN BIRMINGHAM TO JOIN IN THE >> WHEN KING ARRIVED IN BIRMINGHAM TO JOIN IN THE DEMONSTRATIONS THAT HAD BEEN BIRMINGHAM TO JOIN IN THE DEMONSTRATIONS THAT HAD BEEN ORGANIZED WITH REVEREND DEMONSTRATIONS THAT HAD BEEN ORGANIZED WITH REVEREND SHUTTLESWORTH AND THE LOCAL ORGANIZED WITH REVEREND SHUTTLESWORTH AND THE LOCAL MOVEMENT, HE WAS SURPRISED TO SHUTTLESWORTH AND THE LOCAL MOVEMENT, HE WAS SURPRISED TO FIND THE 16th STREET BAPTIST WAS MOVEMENT, HE WAS SURPRISED TO FIND THE 16th STREET BAPTIST WAS NOT ONE OF THE MOVEMENT FIND THE 16th STREET BAPTIST WAS NOT ONE OF THE MOVEMENT CHURCHES.

NOT ONE OF THE MOVEMENT CHURCHES.

>> BECAUSE SHARED BAPTIST CHURCHES.

>> BECAUSE SHARED BAPTIST CONNECTIONS, KENG PERSUADED 16th >> BECAUSE SHARED BAPTIST CONNECTIONS, KENG PERSUADED 16th STREET'S PASTOR, REVEREND JOHN CONNECTIONS, KENG PERSUADED 16th STREET'S PASTOR, REVEREND JOHN CROSS JUNIOR, TO LET HIM USE THE STREET'S PASTOR, REVEREND JOHN CROSS JUNIOR, TO LET HIM USE THE CHURCH AS HIS HEADQUARTERS FOR CROSS JUNIOR, TO LET HIM USE THE CHURCH AS HIS HEADQUARTERS FOR CIVIL RIGHTS RALLIES.

CHURCH AS HIS HEADQUARTERS FOR CIVIL RIGHTS RALLIES.

THEN IN EARLY MAY, 16th STREET CIVIL RIGHTS RALLIES.

THEN IN EARLY MAY, 16th STREET CHURCH BECAME THE STAGING GROUND THEN IN EARLY MAY, 16th STREET CHURCH BECAME THE STAGING GROUND FOR A SERIES OF DEMONSTRATIONS CHURCH BECAME THE STAGING GROUND FOR A SERIES OF DEMONSTRATIONS FEATURING STUDENTS, SOME AS FOR A SERIES OF DEMONSTRATIONS FEATURING STUDENTS, SOME AS YOUNG AS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AGE.

FEATURING STUDENTS, SOME AS YOUNG AS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AGE.

THE CHILDREN GATHERED IN THE YOUNG AS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AGE.

THE CHILDREN GATHERED IN THE CHURCH AND THEN CAME OUT SINGING THE CHILDREN GATHERED IN THE CHURCH AND THEN CAME OUT SINGING AND MARCHING.

CHURCH AND THEN CAME OUT SINGING AND MARCHING.

THEY WERE MET WITH POLICE DOGS AND MARCHING.

THEY WERE MET WITH POLICE DOGS AND FIRE HOSES, HUNDREDS OF THEY WERE MET WITH POLICE DOGS AND FIRE HOSES, HUNDREDS OF YOUNG PEOPLE WERE ARRESTED.

AND FIRE HOSES, HUNDREDS OF YOUNG PEOPLE WERE ARRESTED.

THEIR BRAVERY INSPIRED ADULTS TO YOUNG PEOPLE WERE ARRESTED.

THEIR BRAVERY INSPIRED ADULTS TO JOIN IN AND THE MASS PROTESTS THEIR BRAVERY INSPIRED ADULTS TO JOIN IN AND THE MASS PROTESTS CREATED A HUGE CHALLENGE FOR THE JOIN IN AND THE MASS PROTESTS CREATED A HUGE CHALLENGE FOR THE CITY.

CREATED A HUGE CHALLENGE FOR THE CITY.

IN THE WAKE OF THE CITY.

IN THE WAKE OF THE DEMONSTRATIONS, WHITE LEADERS IN IN THE WAKE OF THE DEMONSTRATIONS, WHITE LEADERS IN BIRMINGHAM HAD AGREED TO BEGIN DEMONSTRATIONS, WHITE LEADERS IN BIRMINGHAM HAD AGREED TO BEGIN DISMANTLING SEGREGATION.

BIRMINGHAM HAD AGREED TO BEGIN DISMANTLING SEGREGATION.

BY LATE SUMMER OF 1963, DISMANTLING SEGREGATION.

BY LATE SUMMER OF 1963, AFRICAN-AMERICANS WERE STARTING BY LATE SUMMER OF 1963, AFRICAN-AMERICANS WERE STARTING TO BE HIRED IN SOME LOCAL AFRICAN-AMERICANS WERE STARTING TO BE HIRED IN SOME LOCAL BUSINESSES.

TO BE HIRED IN SOME LOCAL BUSINESSES.

BUT MOST CONTROVERSIAL OF ALL BUSINESSES.

BUT MOST CONTROVERSIAL OF ALL WERE NEW EFFORTS TO INTEGRATE BUT MOST CONTROVERSIAL OF ALL WERE NEW EFFORTS TO INTEGRATE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

WERE NEW EFFORTS TO INTEGRATE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

WITH TENSIONS IN THE CITY HIGH, PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

WITH TENSIONS IN THE CITY HIGH, 16th STREET BAPTIST WAS TRYING WITH TENSIONS IN THE CITY HIGH, 16th STREET BAPTIST WAS TRYING TO RETURN TO BUSINESS AS USUAL.

16th STREET BAPTIST WAS TRYING TO RETURN TO BUSINESS AS USUAL.

>> HAVING GONE THROUGH THE TO RETURN TO BUSINESS AS USUAL.

>> HAVING GONE THROUGH THE DEMONSTRATIONS IN THE SPRING OF >> HAVING GONE THROUGH THE DEMONSTRATIONS IN THE SPRING OF 1963, IT HAD BECOME SEEN AS A DEMONSTRATIONS IN THE SPRING OF 1963, IT HAD BECOME SEEN AS A SYMBOL OF THAT SUCCESSFUL 1963, IT HAD BECOME SEEN AS A SYMBOL OF THAT SUCCESSFUL PROTEST MOVEMENT.

SYMBOL OF THAT SUCCESSFUL PROTEST MOVEMENT.

BUT THE CONGREGATION ITSELF HAD PROTEST MOVEMENT.

BUT THE CONGREGATION ITSELF HAD NOT COMPLETELY EMBRACED THE BUT THE CONGREGATION ITSELF HAD NOT COMPLETELY EMBRACED THE PROTESTS AND WANTED TO GO BACK NOT COMPLETELY EMBRACED THE PROTESTS AND WANTED TO GO BACK TO A KIND OF NORMALCY.

PROTESTS AND WANTED TO GO BACK TO A KIND OF NORMALCY.

>> REVEREND CAROLYN McKINSTRY TO A KIND OF NORMALCY.

>> REVEREND CAROLYN McKINSTRY WAS 14 YEARS OLD IN 1963.

SHE HAD MARCHED IN THE WAS 14 YEARS OLD IN 1963.

SHE HAD MARCHED IN THE CHILDREN'S CRUSADE THAT MAY, AND SHE HAD MARCHED IN THE CHILDREN'S CRUSADE THAT MAY, AND WAS AT 16th STREET BAPTIST ON CHILDREN'S CRUSADE THAT MAY, AND WAS AT 16th STREET BAPTIST ON THE MORNING OF SEPTEMBER 15th.

WAS AT 16th STREET BAPTIST ON THE MORNING OF SEPTEMBER 15th.

SHE AND HER FRIENDS HAD BEEN IN THE MORNING OF SEPTEMBER 15th.

SHE AND HER FRIENDS HAD BEEN IN SUNDAY SCHOOL AND WERE GETTING SHE AND HER FRIENDS HAD BEEN IN SUNDAY SCHOOL AND WERE GETTING READY FOR THE WORSHIP SERVICE.

SUNDAY SCHOOL AND WERE GETTING READY FOR THE WORSHIP SERVICE.

>> WE WERE ESPECIALLY EXCITED READY FOR THE WORSHIP SERVICE.

>> WE WERE ESPECIALLY EXCITED BECAUSE IT WAS YOUTH SUNDAY.

THIS MEANT THAT WE WERE IN BECAUSE IT WAS YOUTH SUNDAY.

THIS MEANT THAT WE WERE IN CHARGE OF EVERYTHING.

>> McKINSTRY REMEMBERING CHARGE OF EVERYTHING.

>> McKINSTRY REMEMBERING CHATTING WITH FOUR FRIENDS IN >> McKINSTRY REMEMBERING CHATTING WITH FOUR FRIENDS IN THE RESTROOM.

CHATTING WITH FOUR FRIENDS IN THE RESTROOM.

THEN BECAUSE HER JOB WAS TO THE RESTROOM.

THEN BECAUSE HER JOB WAS TO COLLECT THE SUNDAY SCHOOL THEN BECAUSE HER JOB WAS TO COLLECT THE SUNDAY SCHOOL REPORTS, SHE HEADED UP TO THE COLLECT THE SUNDAY SCHOOL REPORTS, SHE HEADED UP TO THE CHURCH OFFICE JUST BEFORE 10:20.

REPORTS, SHE HEADED UP TO THE CHURCH OFFICE JUST BEFORE 10:20.

>> THE PHONE IN THE OFFICE WAS CHURCH OFFICE JUST BEFORE 10:20.

>> THE PHONE IN THE OFFICE WAS RINGING.

SO I WENT IN AND ANSWERED IT AND RINGING.

SO I WENT IN AND ANSWERED IT AND THE PERSON ON THE OTHER END, THE SO I WENT IN AND ANSWERED IT AND THE PERSON ON THE OTHER END, THE MALE CALLER ON THE OTHER END THE PERSON ON THE OTHER END, THE MALE CALLER ON THE OTHER END SAID -- THREE MINUTES.

MALE CALLER ON THE OTHER END SAID -- THREE MINUTES.

AND JUST AS QUICKLY AS HE SAID SAID -- THREE MINUTES.

AND JUST AS QUICKLY AS HE SAID THAT, HE HUNG UP THE PHONE.

SO I'M HOLDING ALL OF THESE THAT, HE HUNG UP THE PHONE.

SO I'M HOLDING ALL OF THESE MATERIALS AND I JUST BEGAN SO I'M HOLDING ALL OF THESE MATERIALS AND I JUST BEGAN WALKING AND I TAKE ABOUT 15 MATERIALS AND I JUST BEGAN WALKING AND I TAKE ABOUT 15 STEPS INTO THE SANCTUARY AND WALKING AND I TAKE ABOUT 15 STEPS INTO THE SANCTUARY AND THEN THIS BOMB JUST EXPLODES.

STEPS INTO THE SANCTUARY AND THEN THIS BOMB JUST EXPLODES.

>> THE EXPLOSION RIPPED THROUGH THEN THIS BOMB JUST EXPLODES.

>> THE EXPLOSION RIPPED THROUGH THE SIDE OF THE BUILDING, BLEW >> THE EXPLOSION RIPPED THROUGH THE SIDE OF THE BUILDING, BLEW OUT THE GRANITE FOUNDATIONS, THE THE SIDE OF THE BUILDING, BLEW OUT THE GRANITE FOUNDATIONS, THE BOMB ITSELF HAVING BEEN PLACED OUT THE GRANITE FOUNDATIONS, THE BOMB ITSELF HAVING BEEN PLACED UNDER AN OUTSIDE STAIRCASE GOING BOMB ITSELF HAVING BEEN PLACED UNDER AN OUTSIDE STAIRCASE GOING UP TO A SECOND STORY LANDING AND UNDER AN OUTSIDE STAIRCASE GOING UP TO A SECOND STORY LANDING AND DOOR.

UP TO A SECOND STORY LANDING AND DOOR.

>> WHEN I FIRST HEARD THE DOOR.

>> WHEN I FIRST HEARD THE WINDOWS CRASHING IN AND IT FELT >> WHEN I FIRST HEARD THE WINDOWS CRASHING IN AND IT FELT SORT OF LIKE THE EARTH SHOOK, WINDOWS CRASHING IN AND IT FELT SORT OF LIKE THE EARTH SHOOK, THE BUILDING MOVED OR SOMETHING, SORT OF LIKE THE EARTH SHOOK, THE BUILDING MOVED OR SOMETHING, AND THEN THE WINDOWS CAME THE BUILDING MOVED OR SOMETHING, AND THEN THE WINDOWS CAME CRASHING IN AND I HEARD SCREAMS.

AND THEN THE WINDOWS CAME CRASHING IN AND I HEARD SCREAMS.

>> THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT CRASHING IN AND I HEARD SCREAMS.

>> THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT STRUCTURAL DAMAGE AND MULTIPLE >> THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT STRUCTURAL DAMAGE AND MULTIPLE INJURIES.

STRUCTURAL DAMAGE AND MULTIPLE INJURIES.

THEN, AMID THE CHAOS, CAME THE INJURIES.

THEN, AMID THE CHAOS, CAME THE MORE DEVASTATING NEWS, FOUR THEN, AMID THE CHAOS, CAME THE MORE DEVASTATING NEWS, FOUR GIRLS HAD NEVER MADE IT OUT OF MORE DEVASTATING NEWS, FOUR GIRLS HAD NEVER MADE IT OUT OF THE RESTROOM.

GIRLS HAD NEVER MADE IT OUT OF THE RESTROOM.

ADDIE MAE COLLINS, CAROLE THE RESTROOM.

ADDIE MAE COLLINS, CAROLE ROBERTSON, AND CYNTHIA WESLEY, ADDIE MAE COLLINS, CAROLE ROBERTSON, AND CYNTHIA WESLEY, WHO WERE ALL 14.

ROBERTSON, AND CYNTHIA WESLEY, WHO WERE ALL 14.

AND DENISE McNAIR, WHO WAS JUST WHO WERE ALL 14.

AND DENISE McNAIR, WHO WAS JUST 11.

>> I KNEW SO CLEARLY THAT IT 11.

>> I KNEW SO CLEARLY THAT IT COULD HAVE VERY EASILY HAVE BEEN >> I KNEW SO CLEARLY THAT IT COULD HAVE VERY EASILY HAVE BEEN ME.

COULD HAVE VERY EASILY HAVE BEEN ME.

>> FREEMAN HRABOWSKI IS THE ME.

>> FREEMAN HRABOWSKI IS THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF >> FREEMAN HRABOWSKI IS THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, BALTIMORE COUNTY.

PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, BALTIMORE COUNTY.

HE HAD LIVED IN BIRMINGHAM AND MARYLAND, BALTIMORE COUNTY.

HE HAD LIVED IN BIRMINGHAM AND WAS 12 THAT YEAR.

HE HAD ALSO MARCHED AND BEEN WAS 12 THAT YEAR.

HE HAD ALSO MARCHED AND BEEN ARRESTED IN MAY.

>> IT WAS LIKE WAR, BECAUSE THE ARRESTED IN MAY.

>> IT WAS LIKE WAR, BECAUSE THE POINT WAS, IF A CHURCH CAN BE >> IT WAS LIKE WAR, BECAUSE THE POINT WAS, IF A CHURCH CAN BE BOMBED AND LITTLE GIRLS KILLED, POINT WAS, IF A CHURCH CAN BE BOMBED AND LITTLE GIRLS KILLED, NO ONE'S SAFE ANYWHERE.

BOMBED AND LITTLE GIRLS KILLED, NO ONE'S SAFE ANYWHERE.

>> IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE NO ONE'S SAFE ANYWHERE.

>> IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE BOMBING, BLACKS AND WHITES >> IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE BOMBING, BLACKS AND WHITES CLASHED IN THE STREETS.

BOMBING, BLACKS AND WHITES CLASHED IN THE STREETS.

AND BEFORE THE DAY WAS OVER, TWO CLASHED IN THE STREETS.

AND BEFORE THE DAY WAS OVER, TWO YOUNG BLACK MEN HAD BEEN SHOT TO AND BEFORE THE DAY WAS OVER, TWO YOUNG BLACK MEN HAD BEEN SHOT TO DEATH.

YOUNG BLACK MEN HAD BEEN SHOT TO DEATH.

THE BOMBING SHOCKED PEOPLE DEATH.

THE BOMBING SHOCKED PEOPLE OUTSIDE BIRMINGHAM, ESPECIALLY THE BOMBING SHOCKED PEOPLE OUTSIDE BIRMINGHAM, ESPECIALLY BECAUSE IT HAD HAPPENED AMID OUTSIDE BIRMINGHAM, ESPECIALLY BECAUSE IT HAD HAPPENED AMID OPTIMISM AFTER THE SUCCESSFUL BECAUSE IT HAD HAPPENED AMID OPTIMISM AFTER THE SUCCESSFUL MARCH ON WASHINGTON, LESS THAN OPTIMISM AFTER THE SUCCESSFUL MARCH ON WASHINGTON, LESS THAN THREE WEEKS EARLIER.

MARCH ON WASHINGTON, LESS THAN THREE WEEKS EARLIER.

>> THAT EXERCISE OF TRUE THREE WEEKS EARLIER.

>> THAT EXERCISE OF TRUE DEMOCRACY THAT HAD JUST >> THAT EXERCISE OF TRUE DEMOCRACY THAT HAD JUST TRANSPIRED WAS REALLY SHATTERED DEMOCRACY THAT HAD JUST TRANSPIRED WAS REALLY SHATTERED BY THIS EXPLOSION IN BIRMINGHAM.

TRANSPIRED WAS REALLY SHATTERED BY THIS EXPLOSION IN BIRMINGHAM.

AND FOR MANY IN THE NATION, IT BY THIS EXPLOSION IN BIRMINGHAM.

AND FOR MANY IN THE NATION, IT AWOKE THEM TO JUST HOW DIFFICULT AND FOR MANY IN THE NATION, IT AWOKE THEM TO JUST HOW DIFFICULT THIS TASK WAS GOING TO BE.

AWOKE THEM TO JUST HOW DIFFICULT THIS TASK WAS GOING TO BE.

>> BUT IT ALSO GALVANIZED PEOPLE THIS TASK WAS GOING TO BE.

>> BUT IT ALSO GALVANIZED PEOPLE IN THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH TO >> BUT IT ALSO GALVANIZED PEOPLE IN THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH TO LOBBY EVEN HARDER FOR THE CIVIL IN THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH TO LOBBY EVEN HARDER FOR THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT.

LOBBY EVEN HARDER FOR THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT.

WHICH WAS SIGNED INTO LAW THE RIGHTS ACT.

WHICH WAS SIGNED INTO LAW THE FOLLOWING YEAR.

HRABOWSKI ATTENDED THE FUNERAL FOLLOWING YEAR.

HRABOWSKI ATTENDED THE FUNERAL SERVICE THAT WAS HELD FOR THREE HRABOWSKI ATTENDED THE FUNERAL SERVICE THAT WAS HELD FOR THREE OF THE GIRLS IN HIS CHURCH, SERVICE THAT WAS HELD FOR THREE OF THE GIRLS IN HIS CHURCH, SIXTH AVENUE BAPTIST.

OF THE GIRLS IN HIS CHURCH, SIXTH AVENUE BAPTIST.

>> I SAW PEOPLE OF ALL FAITHS SIXTH AVENUE BAPTIST.

>> I SAW PEOPLE OF ALL FAITHS THERE.

IT WAS THE FIRST TIME I HAD EVER THERE.

IT WAS THE FIRST TIME I HAD EVER SEEN SOMEBODY WHITE IN MY IT WAS THE FIRST TIME I HAD EVER SEEN SOMEBODY WHITE IN MY CHURCH.

SEEN SOMEBODY WHITE IN MY CHURCH.

AND THERE WAS THIS LONG LINE OF CHURCH.

AND THERE WAS THIS LONG LINE OF THESE PEOPLE WHO WERE AND THERE WAS THIS LONG LINE OF THESE PEOPLE WHO WERE DEVASTATED.

THESE PEOPLE WHO WERE DEVASTATED.

AND THERE WAS SOMETHING ABOUT DEVASTATED.

AND THERE WAS SOMETHING ABOUT THAT THAT WAS -- WAS TRONZ AND THERE WAS SOMETHING ABOUT THAT THAT WAS -- WAS TRONZ FORMATIVE FOR ME, TO SEE THAT THAT THAT WAS -- WAS TRONZ FORMATIVE FOR ME, TO SEE THAT WHITES CARED ABOUT LITTLE BLACK FORMATIVE FOR ME, TO SEE THAT WHITES CARED ABOUT LITTLE BLACK GIRLS.

WHITES CARED ABOUT LITTLE BLACK GIRLS.

>> KING PREACHED THE FUNERAL GIRLS.

>> KING PREACHED THE FUNERAL SERMON.

TELLING THE CROWD THAT SUFFERING SERMON.

TELLING THE CROWD THAT SUFFERING CAN BE REDEMPTIVE AND THE MEANS TELLING THE CROWD THAT SUFFERING CAN BE REDEMPTIVE AND THE MEANS TO ULTIMATELY BRING LIGHT INTO CAN BE REDEMPTIVE AND THE MEANS TO ULTIMATELY BRING LIGHT INTO DARKNESS.

TO ULTIMATELY BRING LIGHT INTO DARKNESS.

>> AND DR. KING LOOKED AT THESE DARKNESS.

>> AND DR. KING LOOKED AT THESE MOTHERS AND SAID, LIFE CAN BE AS >> AND DR. KING LOOKED AT THESE MOTHERS AND SAID, LIFE CAN BE AS HARD AS STEEL.

MOTHERS AND SAID, LIFE CAN BE AS HARD AS STEEL.

HE WAS SAYING ALL WE HAVE IS GOD HARD AS STEEL.

HE WAS SAYING ALL WE HAVE IS GOD AND OUR FAITH.

CAN'T EXPLAIN THIS, ALL WE CAN AND OUR FAITH.

CAN'T EXPLAIN THIS, ALL WE CAN DO IS PRAY.

AND THAT, THAT WAS THE ESSENCE DO IS PRAY.

AND THAT, THAT WAS THE ESSENCE OF WHAT WE ALL HAD TO SAY.

>> SUSPECTS AFFILIATED WITH THE OF WHAT WE ALL HAD TO SAY.

>> SUSPECTS AFFILIATED WITH THE KLU KLUX KLAN WERE IDENTIFIED >> SUSPECTS AFFILIATED WITH THE KLU KLUX KLAN WERE IDENTIFIED WITHIN DAYS OF THE BOMBING.

KLU KLUX KLAN WERE IDENTIFIED WITHIN DAYS OF THE BOMBING.

BUT THE FBI CLOSED THE CASE FIVE WITHIN DAYS OF THE BOMBING.

BUT THE FBI CLOSED THE CASE FIVE YEARS LATER WITH NO INDICTMENTS.

ROBERT CHAMBLISS WAS FINALLY YEARS LATER WITH NO INDICTMENTS.

ROBERT CHAMBLISS WAS FINALLY CONVICTED OF MURDER IN 1977.

TWO MORE MEN WERE ALSO CONVICTED OF MURDER IN 1977.

TWO MORE MEN WERE ALSO EVENTUALLY CONVICTED IN THE TWO MORE MEN WERE ALSO EVENTUALLY CONVICTED IN THE CASE, THE LAST ONE NOT UNTIL EVENTUALLY CONVICTED IN THE CASE, THE LAST ONE NOT UNTIL 2002.

CASE, THE LAST ONE NOT UNTIL 2002.

McKINSTRY GREW UP TO BE A 2002.

McKINSTRY GREW UP TO BE A BAPTIST MINISTER AND WROTE A McKINSTRY GREW UP TO BE A BAPTIST MINISTER AND WROTE A BOOK CALLED "WHILE THE WORLD BAPTIST MINISTER AND WROTE A BOOK CALLED "WHILE THE WORLD WATCHED."

BOOK CALLED "WHILE THE WORLD WATCHED."

>> MY FOCUS IS JUST FORGIVENESS, WATCHED."

>> MY FOCUS IS JUST FORGIVENESS, RECONCILIATION, RESTORATIVE >> MY FOCUS IS JUST FORGIVENESS, RECONCILIATION, RESTORATIVE JUSTICE, LEARNING NUMBER ONE, TO RECONCILIATION, RESTORATIVE JUSTICE, LEARNING NUMBER ONE, TO PUT THE PAST BEHIND, TO FORGIVE.

JUSTICE, LEARNING NUMBER ONE, TO PUT THE PAST BEHIND, TO FORGIVE.

BUT ALSO LEARNING, LOOKING FOR PUT THE PAST BEHIND, TO FORGIVE.

BUT ALSO LEARNING, LOOKING FOR THOSE TIMES WHEN THERE MAY BE A BUT ALSO LEARNING, LOOKING FOR THOSE TIMES WHEN THERE MAY BE A WAY TO RESTORE JUSTICE AND HOPE.

THOSE TIMES WHEN THERE MAY BE A WAY TO RESTORE JUSTICE AND HOPE.

>> AS THE NATION MARKS THE WAY TO RESTORE JUSTICE AND HOPE.

>> AS THE NATION MARKS THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE BOMBING, MANY >> AS THE NATION MARKS THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE BOMBING, MANY SAY THE REAL MESSAGE MUST NEVER ANNIVERSARY OF THE BOMBING, MANY SAY THE REAL MESSAGE MUST NEVER BE FORGOTTEN.

SAY THE REAL MESSAGE MUST NEVER BE FORGOTTEN.

>> WE'VE CHANGED, SO BE FORGOTTEN.

>> WE'VE CHANGED, SO DRAMATICALLY IN THE PAST 50 >> WE'VE CHANGED, SO DRAMATICALLY IN THE PAST 50 YEARS.

DRAMATICALLY IN THE PAST 50 YEARS.

BUT WE NEED TO BE AWARE THAT YEARS.

BUT WE NEED TO BE AWARE THAT HUMANS ARE CAPABLE OF ALL KINDS BUT WE NEED TO BE AWARE THAT HUMANS ARE CAPABLE OF ALL KINDS OF THINGS.

HUMANS ARE CAPABLE OF ALL KINDS OF THINGS.

AND THAT WE MUST FOREVER GUARD OF THINGS.

AND THAT WE MUST FOREVER GUARD AGAINST THIS KIND OF VIOLENCE AND THAT WE MUST FOREVER GUARD AGAINST THIS KIND OF VIOLENCE FROM TAKING PLACE.

AGAINST THIS KIND OF VIOLENCE FROM TAKING PLACE.

>> WITH THE HELP OF MANY FROM TAKING PLACE.

>> WITH THE HELP OF MANY DONATIONS FROM AROUND THE WORLD, >> WITH THE HELP OF MANY DONATIONS FROM AROUND THE WORLD, 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH DONATIONS FROM AROUND THE WORLD, 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH REOPENED IN JUNE 1964.

16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH REOPENED IN JUNE 1964.

THE EVENTS OF 50 YEARS AGO STILL REOPENED IN JUNE 1964.

THE EVENTS OF 50 YEARS AGO STILL RESONATE WITH THE YOUTH HERE.

>> THEY DIDN'T KNOW THAT THE RESONATE WITH THE YOUTH HERE.

>> THEY DIDN'T KNOW THAT THE BOMB THAT THEY PUT IN THIS >> THEY DIDN'T KNOW THAT THE BOMB THAT THEY PUT IN THIS CHURCH WAS GOING TO MAKE SUCH A BOMB THAT THEY PUT IN THIS CHURCH WAS GOING TO MAKE SUCH A BIG DEAL THAT IT ENDED CHURCH WAS GOING TO MAKE SUCH A BIG DEAL THAT IT ENDED SEGREGATION, BASICALLY.

BIG DEAL THAT IT ENDED SEGREGATION, BASICALLY.

>> 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH SEGREGATION, BASICALLY.

>> 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH HAS BEEN DESIGNATED A WORLD >> 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH HAS BEEN DESIGNATED A WORLD HERITAGE SITE.

HAS BEEN DESIGNATED A WORLD HERITAGE SITE.

BUT PASTOR ARTHUR PRICE JUNIOR HERITAGE SITE.

BUT PASTOR ARTHUR PRICE JUNIOR SAYS THEY DON'T WANT TO BE BUT PASTOR ARTHUR PRICE JUNIOR SAYS THEY DON'T WANT TO BE DEFINED ONLY BY THEIR PAST.

SAYS THEY DON'T WANT TO BE DEFINED ONLY BY THEIR PAST.

>> WE EMBRACE OUR HISTORY AND WE DEFINED ONLY BY THEIR PAST.

>> WE EMBRACE OUR HISTORY AND WE SEE IT AS A OPPORTUNITY TO TELL >> WE EMBRACE OUR HISTORY AND WE SEE IT AS A OPPORTUNITY TO TELL PEOPLE ABOUT THE GRACE AND GLORY SEE IT AS A OPPORTUNITY TO TELL PEOPLE ABOUT THE GRACE AND GLORY OF GOD.

PEOPLE ABOUT THE GRACE AND GLORY OF GOD.

HOW GOD IN HIS PROVIDENCE SPARED OF GOD.

HOW GOD IN HIS PROVIDENCE SPARED THIS CLUTCH SO THEY COULD HAVE A HOW GOD IN HIS PROVIDENCE SPARED THIS CLUTCH SO THEY COULD HAVE A STORY TO TELL ABOUT HIS GOODNESS THIS CLUTCH SO THEY COULD HAVE A STORY TO TELL ABOUT HIS GOODNESS AND HIS MERCY.

STORY TO TELL ABOUT HIS GOODNESS AND HIS MERCY.

>> HE SAYS THE CHURCH CONTINUES AND HIS MERCY.

>> HE SAYS THE CHURCH CONTINUES TO STAND AS A NATIONAL TESTAMENT >> HE SAYS THE CHURCH CONTINUES TO STAND AS A NATIONAL TESTAMENT TO HOW TRAGEDY CAN INDEED TURN TO STAND AS A NATIONAL TESTAMENT TO HOW TRAGEDY CAN INDEED TURN INTO TRIUMPH.

TO HOW TRAGEDY CAN INDEED TURN INTO TRIUMPH.

I'M KIM LAWTON IN BIRMINGHAM.

INTO TRIUMPH.

I'M KIM LAWTON IN BIRMINGHAM.

♪ I'M KIM LAWTON IN BIRMINGHAM.

♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ >>> NOW, BELIEF IN PRACTICE.

♪ >>> NOW, BELIEF IN PRACTICE.

THIS WEEK, A SPECIAL >>> NOW, BELIEF IN PRACTICE.

THIS WEEK, A SPECIAL COMMEMORATION WITHIN THE JEWISH THIS WEEK, A SPECIAL COMMEMORATION WITHIN THE JEWISH HIGH HOLY DAYS WITH END THIS COMMEMORATION WITHIN THE JEWISH HIGH HOLY DAYS WITH END THIS WEEKEND WITH YOM KIPPUR, THE DAY HIGH HOLY DAYS WITH END THIS WEEKEND WITH YOM KIPPUR, THE DAY OF ATONEMENT.

WEEKEND WITH YOM KIPPUR, THE DAY OF ATONEMENT.

IT'S CALLED KEVER AVOT AND OF ATONEMENT.

IT'S CALLED KEVER AVOT AND CELEBRATES THE JOY AND THE IT'S CALLED KEVER AVOT AND CELEBRATES THE JOY AND THE SANCTITY OF LIFE.

CELEBRATES THE JOY AND THE SANCTITY OF LIFE.

IT IMMEDIATELY PRECEDES VISITS SANCTITY OF LIFE.

IT IMMEDIATELY PRECEDES VISITS TO THE GRAVES OF PEOPLE'S LOVED IT IMMEDIATELY PRECEDES VISITS TO THE GRAVES OF PEOPLE'S LOVED ONES.

TO THE GRAVES OF PEOPLE'S LOVED ONES.

RABBI DAVID WOLPE OF SINAI ONES.

RABBI DAVID WOLPE OF SINAI TEMPLE IN LOS ANGELES, WAS OUR RABBI DAVID WOLPE OF SINAI TEMPLE IN LOS ANGELES, WAS OUR GUIDE.

TEMPLE IN LOS ANGELES, WAS OUR GUIDE.

>> KEVER AVOT IS A SERVICE THAT GUIDE.

>> KEVER AVOT IS A SERVICE THAT WE CONDUCT AT THE MORTUARY, THE >> KEVER AVOT IS A SERVICE THAT WE CONDUCT AT THE MORTUARY, THE CEMETERY EACH YEAR, THAT WE CONDUCT AT THE MORTUARY, THE CEMETERY EACH YEAR, THAT AALTHOUGHS PEOPLE TO COME AND CEMETERY EACH YEAR, THAT AALTHOUGHS PEOPLE TO COME AND HAVE A MEMORIAL SERVICE THAT AALTHOUGHS PEOPLE TO COME AND HAVE A MEMORIAL SERVICE THAT PRECEDES THEIR VISITING THE HAVE A MEMORIAL SERVICE THAT PRECEDES THEIR VISITING THE KEVER, THAT IS THE GRAVE OF PRECEDES THEIR VISITING THE KEVER, THAT IS THE GRAVE OF THEIR AVOT, OF THEIR ANCESTOR, KEVER, THAT IS THE GRAVE OF THEIR AVOT, OF THEIR ANCESTOR, IT'S DONE DURING THESE TEN DAYS, THEIR AVOT, OF THEIR ANCESTOR, IT'S DONE DURING THESE TEN DAYS, BECAUSE ROSH HASHANAH REALLY IT'S DONE DURING THESE TEN DAYS, BECAUSE ROSH HASHANAH REALLY CELEBRATES THE BEGINNING OF THE BECAUSE ROSH HASHANAH REALLY CELEBRATES THE BEGINNING OF THE WORLD, IT'S A TIME MORE OF JOY CELEBRATES THE BEGINNING OF THE WORLD, IT'S A TIME MORE OF JOY AND DISCOVERY OF WONDER AND THEN WORLD, IT'S A TIME MORE OF JOY AND DISCOVERY OF WONDER AND THEN YOU MOVE GRADUALLY AND AND DISCOVERY OF WONDER AND THEN YOU MOVE GRADUALLY AND SELF-EXAMINATION TO THE DEEP YOU MOVE GRADUALLY AND SELF-EXAMINATION TO THE DEEP CONTEMPLATION OF YOM KIPPUR.

>> THE SHOFAR IS KIND OF AN >> THE SHOFAR IS KIND OF AN ALARM CLOCK FOR THE SOUL.

>> THE SHOFAR IS KIND OF AN ALARM CLOCK FOR THE SOUL.

♪ ALARM CLOCK FOR THE SOUL.

♪ >> WE IN PARTICULAR BLOW IT AT ♪ >> WE IN PARTICULAR BLOW IT AT THIS SERVICE BECAUSE DEATH IS A >> WE IN PARTICULAR BLOW IT AT THIS SERVICE BECAUSE DEATH IS A VERY IMPORTANT THEME IN TERMS OF THIS SERVICE BECAUSE DEATH IS A VERY IMPORTANT THEME IN TERMS OF THE ZEST AND GOODNESS WITH WHICH VERY IMPORTANT THEME IN TERMS OF THE ZEST AND GOODNESS WITH WHICH WE LIVE OUR LIVES.

THE ZEST AND GOODNESS WITH WHICH WE LIVE OUR LIVES.

THE KEVER AVOT SERVICE REMINDS WE LIVE OUR LIVES.

THE KEVER AVOT SERVICE REMINDS EVERYONE, YOU DON'T HAVE THE KEVER AVOT SERVICE REMINDS EVERYONE, YOU DON'T HAVE FOREVER, EITHER.

EVERYONE, YOU DON'T HAVE FOREVER, EITHER.

ONE DAY SOMEONE WILL COME HERE FOREVER, EITHER.

ONE DAY SOMEONE WILL COME HERE AND BE MOURNING FOR YOU.

SO KNOWING THAT YOUR TIME IS AND BE MOURNING FOR YOU.

SO KNOWING THAT YOUR TIME IS LIMITED IN THIS WORLD, USE IT SO KNOWING THAT YOUR TIME IS LIMITED IN THIS WORLD, USE IT WISELY AND WELL, AND WITH A LIMITED IN THIS WORLD, USE IT WISELY AND WELL, AND WITH A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF SANCTITY AND WISELY AND WELL, AND WITH A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF SANCTITY AND HOLINESS.

CERTAIN AMOUNT OF SANCTITY AND HOLINESS.

♪ HOLINESS.

♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ >> THE GREATEST GIFT THAT THOSE ♪ >> THE GREATEST GIFT THAT THOSE WHOM WE HAVE LOST, THOSE WHO >> THE GREATEST GIFT THAT THOSE WHOM WE HAVE LOST, THOSE WHO HAVE DIED HAVE GIVEN US, IS A WHOM WE HAVE LOST, THOSE WHO HAVE DIED HAVE GIVEN US, IS A CHANCE TO UNDERSTAND THEIR LIVES HAVE DIED HAVE GIVEN US, IS A CHANCE TO UNDERSTAND THEIR LIVES SO THAT OURS MIGHT BE BETTER.

CHANCE TO UNDERSTAND THEIR LIVES SO THAT OURS MIGHT BE BETTER.

HOW WE WILL BE REMEMBERED IS IN SO THAT OURS MIGHT BE BETTER.

HOW WE WILL BE REMEMBERED IS IN OUR HANDS, AS LONG AS WE ARE HOW WE WILL BE REMEMBERED IS IN OUR HANDS, AS LONG AS WE ARE HERE, BECAUSE NOT ONLY CAN YOU OUR HANDS, AS LONG AS WE ARE HERE, BECAUSE NOT ONLY CAN YOU CHANGE YOUR FUTURE, YOU CAN HERE, BECAUSE NOT ONLY CAN YOU CHANGE YOUR FUTURE, YOU CAN CHANGE YOUR PAST.

CHANGE YOUR FUTURE, YOU CAN CHANGE YOUR PAST.

>> PLEASE RISE FOR THE MOURNER'S CHANGE YOUR PAST.

>> PLEASE RISE FOR THE MOURNER'S KADDISH.

>> THE KADDISH IS THE JEWISH, KADDISH.

>> THE KADDISH IS THE JEWISH, BASICALLY PRAYER FOR THE DEAD.

IT'S WHEN YOU'RE IN MOURNING, BASICALLY PRAYER FOR THE DEAD.

IT'S WHEN YOU'RE IN MOURNING, YOU SAY THE KADDISH.

[ SPEAKING FOREIGN LANGUAGE ] YOU SAY THE KADDISH.

[ SPEAKING FOREIGN LANGUAGE ] >> IT MAKES NO MENTION OF GOD.

IT JUST TALKS ABOUT THE >> IT MAKES NO MENTION OF GOD.

IT JUST TALKS ABOUT THE GREATNESS OF GOD.

BUT THERE IS A VERY BEAUTIFUL GREATNESS OF GOD.

BUT THERE IS A VERY BEAUTIFUL INTERPRETATION BY A RABBI WHO BUT THERE IS A VERY BEAUTIFUL INTERPRETATION BY A RABBI WHO SAYS WHAT THE KADDISH REALLY IS, INTERPRETATION BY A RABBI WHO SAYS WHAT THE KADDISH REALLY IS, IS WHAT THE DEAD WOULD SAY TO SAYS WHAT THE KADDISH REALLY IS, IS WHAT THE DEAD WOULD SAY TO YOU IF THEY COULD SPEAK FROM IS WHAT THE DEAD WOULD SAY TO YOU IF THEY COULD SPEAK FROM WHERE THEY ARE.

YOU IF THEY COULD SPEAK FROM WHERE THEY ARE.

THAT IS, THEY'VE EXPERIENCED WHERE THEY ARE.

THAT IS, THEY'VE EXPERIENCED GOD'S GREATNESS AFTER DEATH, AND THAT IS, THEY'VE EXPERIENCED GOD'S GREATNESS AFTER DEATH, AND THEY WANT THE LIVING TO KNOW.

GOD'S GREATNESS AFTER DEATH, AND THEY WANT THE LIVING TO KNOW.

>> THE EL MALEI RACHAMIM, WHICH THEY WANT THE LIVING TO KNOW.

>> THE EL MALEI RACHAMIM, WHICH LITERALLY IS GOD FULL OF MERCY, >> THE EL MALEI RACHAMIM, WHICH LITERALLY IS GOD FULL OF MERCY, SAYS AND I WILL GIVE TZEDEKAH, I LITERALLY IS GOD FULL OF MERCY, SAYS AND I WILL GIVE TZEDEKAH, I WILL GIVE CHARITY ON BEHALF OF SAYS AND I WILL GIVE TZEDEKAH, I WILL GIVE CHARITY ON BEHALF OF THE PERSON WHO HAS DIED.

WILL GIVE CHARITY ON BEHALF OF THE PERSON WHO HAS DIED.

THERE ARE OTHER TIMES OF THE THE PERSON WHO HAS DIED.

THERE ARE OTHER TIMES OF THE YEAR WHEN INDIVIDUALS MAY GO TO THERE ARE OTHER TIMES OF THE YEAR WHEN INDIVIDUALS MAY GO TO SEE THE GRAVES OF HIS OR HER AN YEAR WHEN INDIVIDUALS MAY GO TO SEE THE GRAVES OF HIS OR HER AN SESTORS, BUT IN TERMS OF DOING SEE THE GRAVES OF HIS OR HER AN SESTORS, BUT IN TERMS OF DOING IT AS A COMMUNITY, THIS IS THE SESTORS, BUT IN TERMS OF DOING IT AS A COMMUNITY, THIS IS THE ONE TIME OF THE YEAR WHEN WE IT AS A COMMUNITY, THIS IS THE ONE TIME OF THE YEAR WHEN WE GATHER TOGETHER AND YOU WILL SEE ONE TIME OF THE YEAR WHEN WE GATHER TOGETHER AND YOU WILL SEE LITERALLY HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE GATHER TOGETHER AND YOU WILL SEE LITERALLY HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE WALKING INTO THE CEMETERY AND IT LITERALLY HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE WALKING INTO THE CEMETERY AND IT REINFORCES THE GREAT TRUTH, THAT WALKING INTO THE CEMETERY AND IT REINFORCES THE GREAT TRUTH, THAT EVERYBODY HAS LOST.

REINFORCES THE GREAT TRUTH, THAT EVERYBODY HAS LOST.

AND YOU CAN'T LIVE WITHOUT EVERYBODY HAS LOST.

AND YOU CAN'T LIVE WITHOUT LOSING AND THERE'S SOME COMFORT AND YOU CAN'T LIVE WITHOUT LOSING AND THERE'S SOME COMFORT IN SEEING ALL OF THESE PEOPLE LOSING AND THERE'S SOME COMFORT IN SEEING ALL OF THESE PEOPLE ALSO GRIEVING FOR THOSE WHOM IN SEEING ALL OF THESE PEOPLE ALSO GRIEVING FOR THOSE WHOM THEY'VE LOST.

ALSO GRIEVING FOR THOSE WHOM THEY'VE LOST.

ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S THEY'VE LOST.

ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S REMARKABLE ABOUT MEMORY IS WHEN ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S REMARKABLE ABOUT MEMORY IS WHEN YOU LOSE SOMEONE, YOUR RELATION REMARKABLE ABOUT MEMORY IS WHEN YOU LOSE SOMEONE, YOUR RELATION TO THEM CONTINUES TO CHANGE.

YOU LOSE SOMEONE, YOUR RELATION TO THEM CONTINUES TO CHANGE.

THAT IS IT'S A LIVING RELATION, TO THEM CONTINUES TO CHANGE.

THAT IS IT'S A LIVING RELATION, EVEN WITH SOMEBODY WHO IS NOT THAT IS IT'S A LIVING RELATION, EVEN WITH SOMEBODY WHO IS NOT THERE, BECAUSE THEIR LEGACY EVEN WITH SOMEBODY WHO IS NOT THERE, BECAUSE THEIR LEGACY UNFOLDS IN YOU AND YOU THERE, BECAUSE THEIR LEGACY UNFOLDS IN YOU AND YOU UNDERSTAND NEW THINGS AS TIME UNFOLDS IN YOU AND YOU UNDERSTAND NEW THINGS AS TIME GOES ON.

UNDERSTAND NEW THINGS AS TIME GOES ON.

REPENTANCE SOMETIMES INVOLVES AN GOES ON.

REPENTANCE SOMETIMES INVOLVES AN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF ALL OF YOUR REPENTANCE SOMETIMES INVOLVES AN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF ALL OF YOUR HERITAGE.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF ALL OF YOUR HERITAGE.

WHAT PEOPLE HAVE WANTED FOR YOU, HERITAGE.

WHAT PEOPLE HAVE WANTED FOR YOU, HOW YOU WERE RAISED, THE DEBTS WHAT PEOPLE HAVE WANTED FOR YOU, HOW YOU WERE RAISED, THE DEBTS THAT YOU OWE TO THE DEAD IN A HOW YOU WERE RAISED, THE DEBTS THAT YOU OWE TO THE DEAD IN A SENSE.

THAT YOU OWE TO THE DEAD IN A SENSE.

AM I LIVING IN A WAY I WAS SENSE.

AM I LIVING IN A WAY I WAS TAUGHT TO LIVE BY THE PEOPLE WHO AM I LIVING IN A WAY I WAS TAUGHT TO LIVE BY THE PEOPLE WHO RAISED ME.

TAUGHT TO LIVE BY THE PEOPLE WHO RAISED ME.

AND ALSO, DO I REMEMBER THEM THE RAISED ME.

AND ALSO, DO I REMEMBER THEM THE WAY THEY DESERVE TO BE AND ALSO, DO I REMEMBER THEM THE WAY THEY DESERVE TO BE REMEMBERED?

WAY THEY DESERVE TO BE REMEMBERED?

BOTH OF THOSE VERY POWERFUL REMEMBERED?

BOTH OF THOSE VERY POWERFUL THEMES COME TOGETHER AT THIS BOTH OF THOSE VERY POWERFUL THEMES COME TOGETHER AT THIS TIME.

THEMES COME TOGETHER AT THIS TIME.

IT IS A JEWISH TRADITION TO ASK TIME.

IT IS A JEWISH TRADITION TO ASK FORGIVENESS FROM SOMEBODY WHO IT IS A JEWISH TRADITION TO ASK FORGIVENESS FROM SOMEBODY WHO HAS DIED.

FORGIVENESS FROM SOMEBODY WHO HAS DIED.

YOU ASK FORGIVENESS OF GOD.

HAS DIED.

YOU ASK FORGIVENESS OF GOD.

OF OTHER PEOPLE, AND THEN OF YOU ASK FORGIVENESS OF GOD.

OF OTHER PEOPLE, AND THEN OF PEOPLE WHO AREN'T THERE TO BE OF OTHER PEOPLE, AND THEN OF PEOPLE WHO AREN'T THERE TO BE ABLE TO ASK ANY MORE.

PEOPLE WHO AREN'T THERE TO BE ABLE TO ASK ANY MORE.

THE TRADITION OF LEAVING A STONE ABLE TO ASK ANY MORE.

THE TRADITION OF LEAVING A STONE ON A GRAVE IS A BEAUTIFUL ONE.

STONES ENDURE AND FLOWERS FADE ON A GRAVE IS A BEAUTIFUL ONE.

STONES ENDURE AND FLOWERS FADE AND WE THINK OF THE SOUL AS STONES ENDURE AND FLOWERS FADE AND WE THINK OF THE SOUL AS BEING ENDURING.

AND WE THINK OF THE SOUL AS BEING ENDURING.

TO THE EXTENT THAT YOUR BEHAVIOR BEING ENDURING.

TO THE EXTENT THAT YOUR BEHAVIOR DETERMINES YOUR FATE, AND TO THE EXTENT THAT YOUR BEHAVIOR DETERMINES YOUR FATE, AND SELF-REFLECTION AND THOUGHT AND DETERMINES YOUR FATE, AND SELF-REFLECTION AND THOUGHT AND PRAYER CAN HELP YOU CHANGE YOUR SELF-REFLECTION AND THOUGHT AND PRAYER CAN HELP YOU CHANGE YOUR BEHAVIOR, THIS IS THE TIME OF PRAYER CAN HELP YOU CHANGE YOUR BEHAVIOR, THIS IS THE TIME OF YEAR TO DO IT.

BEHAVIOR, THIS IS THE TIME OF YEAR TO DO IT.

BECAUSE THIS IS THE RARE TIME YEAR TO DO IT.

BECAUSE THIS IS THE RARE TIME WHEN YOU ACTUALLY HAVE DEDICATED BECAUSE THIS IS THE RARE TIME WHEN YOU ACTUALLY HAVE DEDICATED MOMENTS TO THINK, TO REFLECT, TO WHEN YOU ACTUALLY HAVE DEDICATED MOMENTS TO THINK, TO REFLECT, TO MEDITATE.

MOMENTS TO THINK, TO REFLECT, TO MEDITATE.

IT DOESN'T HAPPEN VERY OFTEN IN MEDITATE.

IT DOESN'T HAPPEN VERY OFTEN IN OUR LIVES.

AND SO I THINK THAT THIS REALLY OUR LIVES.

AND SO I THINK THAT THIS REALLY IS OUR CHANCE TO CHANGE WHO WE AND SO I THINK THAT THIS REALLY IS OUR CHANCE TO CHANGE WHO WE ARE AND THEREFORE, TO CHANGE IS OUR CHANCE TO CHANGE WHO WE ARE AND THEREFORE, TO CHANGE WHAT BECOMES OF US.

ARE AND THEREFORE, TO CHANGE WHAT BECOMES OF US.

>>> ON OUR CALENDAR THIS WEEK, WHAT BECOMES OF US.

>>> ON OUR CALENDAR THIS WEEK, WEDNESDAY NIGHT BEGINS THE >>> ON OUR CALENDAR THIS WEEK, WEDNESDAY NIGHT BEGINS THE SEVEN-DAY JEWISH FESTIVAL OF THE WEDNESDAY NIGHT BEGINS THE SEVEN-DAY JEWISH FESTIVAL OF THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES, JEWS SEVEN-DAY JEWISH FESTIVAL OF THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES, JEWS RECALL THEIR ANCESTORS' 40 YEARS FEAST OF TABERNACLES, JEWS RECALL THEIR ANCESTORS' 40 YEARS OF WANDERING IN THE DESERT.

RECALL THEIR ANCESTORS' 40 YEARS OF WANDERING IN THE DESERT.

BY BUILDING A FRAGILE OUTSIDE OF WANDERING IN THE DESERT.

BY BUILDING A FRAGILE OUTSIDE STRUCTURE CALLED A SUCCAH, WHICH BY BUILDING A FRAGILE OUTSIDE STRUCTURE CALLED A SUCCAH, WHICH THEY USE FOR PRAYERS AND MEALS.

STRUCTURE CALLED A SUCCAH, WHICH THEY USE FOR PRAYERS AND MEALS.

>>> FINALLY, IN LINE WITH POPE THEY USE FOR PRAYERS AND MEALS.

>>> FINALLY, IN LINE WITH POPE FRANCIS' MANY GESTURES >>> FINALLY, IN LINE WITH POPE FRANCIS' MANY GESTURES CELEBRATING SIMPLICITY, HE FRANCIS' MANY GESTURES CELEBRATING SIMPLICITY, HE ACCEPTED THIS WEEK FROM A PRIEST CELEBRATING SIMPLICITY, HE ACCEPTED THIS WEEK FROM A PRIEST IN NORTHERN ITALY, THE GIFT OF A ACCEPTED THIS WEEK FROM A PRIEST IN NORTHERN ITALY, THE GIFT OF A USED STICKSHIFT 1984 RENAULT, IN NORTHERN ITALY, THE GIFT OF A USED STICKSHIFT 1984 RENAULT, WITH 186,000 MILES ON IT THE USED STICKSHIFT 1984 RENAULT, WITH 186,000 MILES ON IT THE VATICAN SAYS FRANCIS INTENDS TO WITH 186,000 MILES ON IT THE VATICAN SAYS FRANCIS INTENDS TO DRIVE IT HIMSELF AND THAT HE VATICAN SAYS FRANCIS INTENDS TO DRIVE IT HIMSELF AND THAT HE DOES KNOW HOW.

DRIVE IT HIMSELF AND THAT HE DOES KNOW HOW.

>>> THAT'S OUR PROGRAM FOR NOW, DOES KNOW HOW.

>>> THAT'S OUR PROGRAM FOR NOW, I'M BOB ABERNATHY.

CAN YOU FOLLOW US ON TWITTER AND I'M BOB ABERNATHY.

CAN YOU FOLLOW US ON TWITTER AND FACEBOOK AND WATCH US ANY TIME CAN YOU FOLLOW US ON TWITTER AND FACEBOOK AND WATCH US ANY TIME ON THE PBS APP FOR iPHONES AND FACEBOOK AND WATCH US ANY TIME ON THE PBS APP FOR iPHONES AND iPADS.

ON THE PBS APP FOR iPHONES AND iPADS.

AND VISIT OUR WEBSITE, WHERE iPADS.

AND VISIT OUR WEBSITE, WHERE THERE'S ALWAYS MUCH MORE, AND VISIT OUR WEBSITE, WHERE THERE'S ALWAYS MUCH MORE, INCLUDING AUDIO AND VIDEO THERE'S ALWAYS MUCH MORE, INCLUDING AUDIO AND VIDEO PODCASTS OF THIS PROGRAM.

INCLUDING AUDIO AND VIDEO PODCASTS OF THIS PROGRAM.

JOIN US AT PBS.ORG.

PODCASTS OF THIS PROGRAM.

JOIN US AT PBS.ORG.

>>> AS WE LEAVE YOU, VOCALIST JOIN US AT PBS.ORG.

>>> AS WE LEAVE YOU, VOCALIST VANITA WASHINGTON PERFORMS >>> AS WE LEAVE YOU, VOCALIST VANITA WASHINGTON PERFORMS "PRESS ON" AS THE CONGRESSIONAL VANITA WASHINGTON PERFORMS "PRESS ON" AS THE CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL CEREMONY, HONORING "PRESS ON" AS THE CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL CEREMONY, HONORING THE FOUR GIRLS KILLED IN THE GOLD MEDAL CEREMONY, HONORING THE FOUR GIRLS KILLED IN THE BOMBING OF THE 16th STREET THE FOUR GIRLS KILLED IN THE BOMBING OF THE 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH.

BOMBING OF THE 16th STREET BAPTIST CHURCH.

♪ JUST PRESS ON♪PANY.

Syria Conflict, Birmingham Bombing Anniversary, Kever Avot

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