Barley Twist Table, Pt.2

MAJOR FUNDING FOR "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" IS PROVIDED BY... MORE THAN 40 MILLION PEOPLE WHO CARE FOR THEIR CARS AND HOMES CHOOSE STATE FARM FOR THEIR INSURANCE.

STATE FARM--A PROUD SUPPORTER OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

CAPTIONING MADE POSSIBLE BY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION HEY.

HELLO AGAIN.

WELCOME BACK TO "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

I'M ROY UNDERHILL.

SO GLAD YOU CAN BE HERE WITH ME.

WE'RE GOING TO FINISH UP A LITTLE CROMWELLIAN TABLE WE STARTED LAST TIME.

WE MADE THIS TABLE FROM THE DAYS OF THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR-- TERRIBLE, TERRIBLE WAR, WRACKING THE ISLAND, A WAR OF THE 3 KINGDOMS, AND IT'S KIND OF SYMBOLIZED IN THE WAY THIS TABLE IS MADE.

BUT IN ANY CASE, IT'S A TRIPOD TABLE, SO THE 3 KINGDOMS--SCOTLAND, ENGLAND, AND WALES-- FIGHTING AGAINST ONE ANOTHER.

LAST TIME WE DID IT, WE JUST FRAMED IT UP USING CYLINDERS, JUST DOING THE CYLINDERS FOR THE LEGS HERE.

WE HAD NOT DONE THIS KIND OF COOL CARVING DOWN HERE CALLED ROPE TWIST OR BARLEY TWIST CARVING OR TURNING.

WE'RE GOING TO SEE HOW TO DO THAT TODAY.

WE'RE ALSO GOING TO SEE HOW TO DO THIS TOP, AGAIN OF 3 PIECES.

AND THIS DROP-LEAF-- NOW, LORD KNOWS WHY, BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, IT'S A SMALL ENOUGH TABLE.

HOW MUCH ROOM ARE YOU GOING TO SAVE?

BUT NEVERTHELESS, THERE IT IS.

THESE DROP DOWN.

WE HAVE THE CENTER TRIANGULAR SECTION.

AGAIN, THE 3 KINGDOMS-- SCOTLAND, ENGLAND, AND WALES-- HELD TOGETHER ONLY BY THESE DOVETAILS, THESE BUTTERFLIES CROSSING THE JOINTS THERE, HOLDING IT ALL TOGETHER.

BUT THE OAK, OF COURSE, IS GOING TO SWELL AND SHRINK LIKE THIS, AND NOT IN LENGTH, SO IT'S ALWAYS GOING TO BE TRYING TO OPEN UP GAPS.

SO, KIND OF SYMBOLIC OF THE TERRIBLE DAYS OF THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR, FROM WHENCE THIS TABLE CAME.

NOW, THIS IS WHITE OAK.

YOU'VE HEARD OF WHITE OAK.

PERHAPS YOU'VE HEARD OF FUMED OAK.

FUMED OAK IS OAK THAT HAS BEEN EXPOSED TO AMMONIA VAPOR.

AND I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU.

LET'S SEE IF WE CAN DO A LITTLE EXPERIMENT.

I'VE GOT JUST A LITTLE BLOCK OF OAK RIGHT HERE.

I'M GOING TO SPLIT IT IN HALF, AND THEN WE'LL TAKE ONE OF THE HALVES AND PUT IT IN A JAR.

AND YOU SEE HOW NICE IT IS?

NICE AND WHITE.

SAME SHADES THERE.

ALL RIGHT.

WE'RE GOING TO NOW GET OURSELVES A JAR.

AND THIS GOES BACK-- THIS IS TERRIBLE-SMELLING STUFF.

DEADLY, TOO.

BE VERY, VERY CAREFUL.

THIS IS POISON.

USED TO BE YOU'D CALL THE DRUGSTORE WHEN YOU WERE A KID AND SAY, GOSH, YOU KNOW, "DO YOU HAVE PRINCE ALBERT IN A JAR?"

AND THEY WOULD SAY, "YEAH, YEAH, WE DO."

AND YOU'D SAY, "AH, YOU'D BETTER LET HIM OUT."

WELL, I'D BETTER CLOSE THIS UP ACTUALLY, BECAUSE THIS HAS AMMONIA IN IT, AND THE VAPOR IS TERRIBLE.

I'M GOING TO PUT THAT PIECE OF OAK IN THE AMMONIA VAPOR AND LET IT SIT WHILE WE'RE TOGETHER HERE.

THIS PIECE WILL STAY ON TOP, AND WE'LL COME BACK AND COMPARE THE TWO IN JUST A LITTLE BIT.

ALL RIGHT.

SO HERE WE ARE.

WE'VE GOT THESE DOVETAILS INSET INTO THE TOP.

THEY LOOK VERY, VERY NICE, BUT NOW WE'VE GOT TO SEE HOW TO DO THEM.

I'M GOING TO TRY AND GET THOSE DONE REAL FAST SO WE CAN GET ON TO THE BARLEY TWIST CARVING BECAUSE THAT IS SOMETHING THAT CAN JUST GO ON AND ON AND ON--CARVING, NOW.

NOW, I HAVE SNIPPED OUT A LITTLE TEMPLATE, AND THIS IS THE WAY YOU WORK.

YOU TAKE A TIN-CAN LID, SNIP OUT A TEMPLATE FOR THE CROSS-KEY OR THE BUTTERFLY KEY, AND SEE HOW I'VE GOT 4 LITTLE POINTS THERE?

I'VE TAKEN A NAIL AND DRIVEN THEM THROUGH FROM ONE SIDE, SO THEY PROTRUDE LIKE LITTLE SPIKES, JUST THE DENTS IN THE METAL, TO MAKE IT GRIP, LIKE A NUTMEG GRATER.

AND YOU SET IT ON THERE.

BECAUSE IF IT SLIPS, YOU GOT TROUBLE.

YOU'VE GOT TO WEDGE THIS.

SEE, I'VE GOT 3 POINTS AND A WEDGE DRIVEN IN AROUND THESE PIECES.

SET THAT ACROSS THERE.

HOLD IT TOGETHER AS BEST I CAN.

AND THEN SCRIBE AROUND IT.

AND I'VE ALREADY GONE AHEAD AND DONE THIS.

SO JUST SCRIBE AROUND WITH YOUR KNIFE ALL THE WAY AROUND.

AND THEN START STAKING IT IN WITH A BROAD CHISEL.

NOW, HERE WE ARE.

THE PIECE IS HELD AS TIGHTLY AS WE CAN.

STAKE IT IN ALL THE WAY AROUND... LIKE SO.

ALL THE WAY ACROSS THE END THERE.

YEAH.

ALL RIGHT.

AND NOW START CARVING IT OUT.

SO THIS IS ALL THERE IS TO IT.

STAKE IT IN, CARVE IT OUT.

ALL RIGHT.

AND THERE WE ARE.

AND YOU CAN TAKE IT APART WHILE YOU'RE DOING THIS, BECAUSE ONCE IT'S DELINEATED, YOU'RE GOOD.

IT'S ALL RIGHT.

JUST WORK YOUR WAY DOWN.

AND THEN GO BACK AROUND STAKING IN, ACROSS THE GRAIN AGAIN, AROUND THE PERIMETER, AND THEN GOING DOWN LAYER BY LAYER.

YOU GET DOWN A LITTLE BIT NOW, AND YOU CAN MOVE TO THIS OTHER ONE I'VE GOT HERE.

I HAVE GOT ONE DOWN THE JOINT HERE.

WE GO TO THE CENTER, AND WE MOVE ON OUT.

WE CAN SEE ONE A LOT DEEPER.

THIS IS ONE I'VE DONE MY CHISELING, BUT NOW I'M GOING ON TO ANOTHER TOOL TO MAKE SURE I GET A LEVEL BOTTOM-- USING A ROUTER PLANE.

THIS IS A ROUTER PLANE, AND DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THIS WERE AVAILABLE IN THE 1600's CALLED OLD WOMAN'S TOOTH... RATHER UNKINDLY.

THAT'S WHAT... LET ME FASTEN THIS A LITTLE BETTER.

OLD WOMAN'S TOOTH PLANE.

IT WILL CLEAN OUT-- I'M GOING TO GIVE THIS A LITTLE MORE IRON.

SET THE IRON A LITTLE DEEPER.

TAKE A LITTLE DEEPER BITE.

I HEARD MY DOVETAIL KEY FALL TO THE FLOOR DOWN THERE.

AND THEN ROUT IT THIS WAY.

AND THIS WILL MAKE SURE WE HAVE A LEVEL BOTTOM.

AND YOU CAN SEE HOW THIS WORKS.

SO THEY WERE JUST WOODEN VERSIONS OF THIS, WITH THE IRON BLADE STICKING DOWN BELOW.

REMEMBER, THIS IS THE MID-1600's.

SHAKESPEARE'S LONG DEAD NOW.

THEY'VE EXECUTED THE KING, CHARLES I, WHO WAS NOT DOING RIGHT.

AND HIS SON, CHARLES II, IS ON THE RUN, BEING CHASED BY THE PURITAN TROOPS.

SO TOUGH, TOUGH TIMES THERE IN OLD BLIGHTY.

SO, NOW WE'VE GOT A KEY, AGAIN CUT OUT OF OAK WITH THE GRAIN GOING THIS WAY.

AGAIN, USING THE SAME TEMPLATE.

CUTTING IT OUT VERY CAREFULLY-- A LITTLE BIT OVERSIZED-- TRIMMING IT DOWN, AND THEN YOU START TAPPING THAT IN.

AND LET'S SEE IF I HAVE A BLOCK OF WOOD I CAN PUT OVER IT.

YOU DON'T WANT TO BUST OFF THOSE CORNERS.

SO SUPPORT IT ALL THE WAY ACROSS.

DRIVE IT IN.

AND ONCE IT'S IN, YOU CAN START PLANING IT DOWN, AND THEN WORKING WITH A SCRAPER TO BRING IT SMOOTH WITH THE REST OF THE SURFACE.

SO THERE YOU GO.

JUST CONSTANTLY PUTTING IN THESE DOVETAILS ACROSS THE GRAIN UNTIL IT'S ALL HELD TOGETHER.

BUT ALWAYS KNOW THAT NO MATTER HOW GOOD A JOB YOU DO SETTING THESE IN, THERE'S ALWAYS GOING TO BE A LITTLE BIT OF PULLING BACK THERE.

THAT'S JUST KIND OF THE NATURE OF THE WAY THE GRAIN IS ORIENTED IN THIS OAK.

BUT IT'S KIND OF COOL HAVING THESE.

NOW, THESE ARE USUALLY SET ON THE UNDERSIDE OF A TABLE.

I'VE SET THEM, IN THIS CASE, ON THE UP-SIDE, JUST BECAUSE THEY LOOK...

THEY LOOK NEAT.

AND THAT'S WHAT PEOPLE ARE DOING THESE DAYS.

ALL RIGHT.

SO IT'S NOT HISTORIC.

WELL, LET ME CLEAR THE WAY HERE.

WE'RE GOING TO NOW DO THE ROUNDS.

WE'VE GOT TO DO THOSE DROP LEAVES, AND THEY ARE NOT TRIANGULAR; THEY ARE ROUND.

SO I'VE GOT A PIECE-- JUST TAKE A LOOK AT CUTTING THAT OUT WITH A BOW SAW, A KIND OF SAW MUCH MORE COMMON IN THE TIMES OF THE 1600's.

JOSEPH MOXON WROTE HIS "DOCTRINE OF HANDIWORKS--" IT WAS ONE OF THE FIRST HOW-TO BOOKS.

AND YOU'RE JUST STARTING TO GET THOSE BROAD-BLADED SAWS THAT WE THINK OF COMING IN.

THE SAWS ARE MORE LIKE THIS BOW SAW THAT'S HANDY FOR TURNING.

LET ME GIVE MYSELF A LITTLE BIT MORE TENSION AND A LITTLE TURN AWAY THERE.

SO WE'RE CUTTING THE DROP LEAVES AROUND THE CURVE.

YEAH.

ALL RIGHT.

SO THAT'S OUT.

THERE'S ONE OF OUR DROP LEAVES.

NOW, I'VE GOT A TOOL THAT IS DEFINITELY NOT FROM THE 17th CENTURY, OR IN THE 1600's AT ALL.

BUT IT'S PRETTY NEAT, TOO.

THERE WERE VERSIONS OF ALMOST ALL THESE TOOLS I'M USING IN IRON, THERE WERE VERSIONS IN WOOD.

JUST NOT ADJUSTABLE, LIKE THIS ONE HERE.

LOOK AT THIS.

THIS IS A FLEX-BOTTOM PLANE.

AND IT WILL ADJUST.

YOU TURN THIS KNOB, AND THIS FLEXIBLE BOTTOM WILL DO CONCAVE OR CONVEX.

SO WE USE IT--I'LL GIVE IT A LITTLE MORE IRON.

AND USE IT TO ROUND THAT.

CERTAINLY A QUICK AND SMOOTH WAY TO DO IT, TO MAKE SURE YOU'VE GOT NO PROBLEM WITH IT.

LOOK HOW PRETTY THAT IS.

OH, GOSH.

AND WHEN THIS IS SHARP, COMING DOWN THAT END GRAIN... YEAH.

VERY NICE.

SO THAT'S GOOD AND SMOOTH.

YOU CAN ALSO DO THIS, OF COURSE, WITH A SPOKESHAVE, AND SOMEWHERE UNDER HERE, THERE IS--HERE IS ONE.

A SPOKESHAVE, JUST USING A FREEHAND TOOL, AND A LITTLE MORE VERSATILE.

NOW WE'VE GOT TO DO A LITTLE BIT OF ROUNDING.

I'LL JUST SHOW YOU VERY QUICKLY HOW YOU DO THAT.

DRAW A LINE, USING YOUR FINGER AS A GAUGE, DOWN EACH SIDE HERE.

THERE YOU GO.

USE A PENCIL SO YOU CAN GET RID OF IT.

AND THEN ONE DOWN THIS SIDE.

ALL RIGHT.

AND SO THAT JUST GIVES YOU A GUIDELINE TO ROUND TO.

YOU'RE TRYING TO LEAVE THOSE PENCIL LINES, WORKING IN STEPS, ROUNDING THE DROP LEAVES OF OUR CROMWELLIAN TABLE.

YES, INDEED.

ISN'T THAT NICE?

ALL RIGHT.

SO, NOW WE'VE GOT OUR DROP LEAVES.

WE'VE GOT OUR BUTTERFLY-DOVETAIL TOP.

NOW, CAN WE GET ON TO THE BARLEY TWIST?

YES, AND THEY CALL IT BARLEY TWIST BECAUSE THAT WAS SUGAR CANDY, BARLEY SUGAR CANDY, TWISTED UP.

YOU STILL SOMETIMES SEE THAT.

SO THAT'S A NAME FOR THIS KIND OF SPIRAL...

SPIRALING ROPE TURNING THAT WE HAVE HERE.

IT'S ACTUALLY CARVING.

I'M GOING TO KNOCK ONE APART THAT I HAVE HERE.

AND WE HAVE GONE... NOW, YOU SEE, THE JOINTS THAT HOLD THIS TOGETHER HERE.

CUTTING THESE JOINTS WILL OFTEN DO MISCHIEF TO YOUR NICELY CARVED TURNINGS IF YOU DON'T DO THEM FIRST.

YOU'LL SEE THE 2 TENONS THERE AND HOW THEY CONVERGE INSIDE THE MORTISES THERE.

ALL OF THAT WORK COULD DAMAGE THIS TURNING HERE AND THE CARVING, AND YOU CAN SEE IT IN STAGES.

HERE IT'S FURTHER ALONG.

HERE IT'S JUST BEGINNING.

THAT'S WHAT WE'RE GOING TO SEE HOW TO DO.

ALL RIGHT.

SO...I'LL LEAVE THIS GOING HERE.

WE WON'T FORGET TO GET BACK TO OUR AMMONIATED, OUR FUMED, OAK.

NOW, I'VE GOT A PIECE RIGHT HERE, READY TO TURN.

THIS HAS THE MORTISES CUT.

LET'S SEE.

I'VE ALREADY TURNED A LITTLE BIT ON THE END.

SO I'M GOING TO DO...

BLEND THIS CORNER DOWN FIRST AND THEN START A BEAD AND A HOLLOW AND KIND OF A MUSHROOM TOP RIGHT THERE.

WHEN YOU'RE DOING AN ODD PIECE LIKE THIS, BETTER TO LOOK AT THE SHADOW.

SO HERE WE'RE COMING DOWN, BLENDING.... THAT ANGLE...

INTO THE REST OF THE BODY.

LET'S SEE IF I CAN HOLD THIS TIGHT ENOUGH.

IT TENDS TO TRACK OVER.

AND I'M USING A REGULAR GOUGE.

LET'S SEE IF I CAN DO THAT.

ALL RIGHT, NEVERTHELESS, THAT'S THE IDEA.

I'M GOING TO HAVE TO COME BACK AND SMOOTH THIS A LITTLE BIT MORE CAREFULLY.

ALL RIGHT, THERE WE GO.

YOU'RE GOING TO SEE THAT WE'RE DOWN.

SO WE'VE BLENDED ALL THE WAY AROUND.

NOW I'M GOING TO CUT A SHARP SHOULDER RIGHT HERE, USING THE SKEW CHISEL, AND YOU HAVE TO BE CAREFUL USING THIS ON A RECIPROCATING LATHE.

SEE, THIS IS NOT AN ORDINARY LATHE.

THIS IS THE KIND OF LATHE THAT CUTS ON THE DOWNSTROKE.

SO YOU DON'T WANT TO CATCH AND BE PULLED UP.

A LATHE THAT GOES ONLY ONE DIRECTION, WHICH WAS AROUND AT THE TIME, IT DOESN'T HAVE THAT PROBLEM.

I'M GOING TO NOW USE THE PARTING TOOL TO CUT IN A SHOULDER.

AND NOW I WILL USE-- I'M GOING TO CHEAT.

I'M GOING TO JUST USE A VERY SMALL GOUGE TO TURN MY BEAD.

AND I'LL PROBABLY COME BACK AND DO THIS A LITTLE SMOOTHER, BUT I DON'T WANT TO HAVE AN ACCIDENT WITH IT.

SEE, I CAN DO THE-- ALL RIGHT, I'M GOING TO TRY.

HERE'S THE THING.

YOU WANT TO COME DOWN WITH THE SKEW CHISEL, BUT IT'S GOT TO BE ANGLED IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION AND PUSHED VERY CAREFULLY, AND IF IT CATCHES, IT'LL PULL THE BLADE ALL THE WAY THROUGH THERE AND JUST SCORE IT RIGHT UP.

BUT I THINK I GOT IT THERE.

IT'S A LITTLE DIFFERENT THAN THE WAY YOU DO TURNING.

NORMALLY, WE'LL TURN A NICE BEAD THERE.

AND CALLING IT NICE DOESN'T MAKE IT NICE, SO I'D BETTER DO IT RIGHT HERE.

ALL RIGHT, NOW WE'RE GOING TO CUT A COVE RIGHT HERE THE SAME DIAMETER, EXCEPT THE INVERSE OF THAT BEAD THAT WE JUST DID, THE RING.

SO NOW WE'LL DO A COVE.

AGAIN, TRYING TO TURN THE GOUGE SO THAT WE GET A SPIRAL TURNING.

THIS IS A LITTLE DECORATIVE BUSINESS HERE.

NOW WE'LL TURN KIND OF A MUSHROOM TOP, TURNING IN FROM BOTH SIDES, BECAUSE HERE'S WHERE THE CARVING IS GOING TO GO.

IT'S GOT TO TRANSITION INTO THE TURNING.

THIS IS THE KIND OF LATHE DESCRIBED BY MOXON.

THE REGULAR FLYWHEEL LATHE GOES ALL THE WAY BACK TO... LEONARDO DA VINCI DREW THOSE.

SO IT'S NOT LIKE THEY DIDN'T HAVE FLYWHEEL LATHES, OR GREAT-WHEEL LATHES AT THE TIME.

THIS IS JUST A PORTABLE ONE USED IN THE ENGLISH COUNTRYSIDE BY CHAIR BODGERS.

SO THERE WE GO.

VERY NICE.

"ALL RIGHT," HE SAID.

HA HA HA!

WELL, I THINK WE'RE READY NOW.

LET'S GO AHEAD AND DO THE CARVING.

WE'RE GOING TO DO THE BARLEY TWIST CARVING NOW IN THIS PART, SO I'M GOING TO DISCONNECT THIS HERE AND TAKE OFF THE ROPE, BECAUSE NOW THIS IS NOT GOING TO BE A LATHE ANYMORE.

WE'RE GOING TO USE THIS FOR CARVING.

THIS WILL BE A CARVING STAND.

AND I'M GOING TO TURN THE WHOLE THING AROUND SO YOU CAN GET A BETTER LOOK AT WHAT'S GOING ON HERE.

AH, VERY NICE.

SO I'M KIND OF FRAMED THERE LIKE A PAINTING.

ALL RIGHT.

AH, SO YOU SEE OUR TURNINGS, OUR MORTISES ARE ALL DONE.

NOW I'M GOING TO TAKE A BIT OF PAPER AND WRAP IT ABOUT HERE AND LAY OUT THE SPIRAL.

NOW, I'VE CUT THIS PAPER ALREADY SO THAT IT IS WRAPPED ONCE AROUND.

I'VE GOT A RULER.

LET'S SEE.

OH, I'M GOING TO USE THIS FOR A PENCIL.

OK, I'VE GOT A LITTLE PENCIL ON MY DIVIDERS HERE.

SO I KNOW I WANT TO HAVE 2 SPIRALS INTERLACED LIKE D.N.A.

GOING UP THERE, AND I WANTED TO MAKE... LET'S SEE.

ONE... LET'S SEE, ONE, 2 TURNS.

SO 2, DOING 2 TURNS.

I'M GOING TO DIVIDE THIS INTO 4.

SO HERE WE GO.

WE SEE IT'S A LITTLE SHY OF 10 INCHES.

SO WE'LL...WELL, IT WOULD BE RIGHT WHERE I PUT THE TAPE.

ALL RIGHT.

SEE IF I CAN MARK THROUGH THERE.

I'M GOING TO JUST KIND OF CENTER THAT 10 ON THERE.

NOW I'M GOING TO CENTER A 5, BECAUSE WE'RE JUST TRYING TO FIND THE MIDDLE.

2 1/2 INCHES.

MARKING ACROSS BOTH PIECES.

AND HERE AGAIN, CENTER THE 5.

YOU SEE WHAT I'M DOING?

AND THEN 2 1/2 INCHES.

SO JUST VERY COARSELY DIVIDING THIS UP INTO 5.

I'LL PUT SOME LITTLE DOTS THROUGH THERE SO MAYBE I CAN KEEP THAT ALIGNED, BECAUSE I'VE GOT TO SEE THOSE.

YEAH, BARELY ANYTHING RIGHT THERE.

THAT'S OUR CENTER POINT.

ALL RIGHT, SO NOW WE'LL TAKE ALL THAT OFF.

AND I'M GOING TO TAKE THIS NOW TO THE BENCH AND DO THE REST OF THE DRAWING, JUST BECAUSE I NEED A BIG, FLAT PLACE TO WORK.

SO, HERE WE GO.

WHAT'S BIGGER AND FLATTER THAN A WORK BENCH?

[BLOWS] SO WE'VE GOT OUR PIECE LAID OUT INTO QUARTERS HERE.

WE NOW WANT TO DIVIDE IT IN THIS DIRECTION.

AND THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS TO DO IT.

THIS IS THE EASIEST WAY I KNOW.

DIVIDE THIS--2 1/2, BECAUSE IT'S 5 INCHES AROUND.

THAT RELATES TO THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE PIECE.

HERE AGAIN, DOWN AT THIS END, AGAIN 2 1/2.

SO NOW WE'VE GOT THE CENTER THIS WAY AND 4 GOING THAT WAY.

WE'LL CONNECT THEM DIAGONALLY.

AND BY THE WAY YOU DRAW THESE LINES AND THE WAY YOU PUT THE PAPER ON-- AND, SEE, THIS CORNER NOW WILL CONNECT.

SO THERE'S THE ROOT OF 2 OF THE ROPES COMING UP FROM THE BOTTOM.

HERE THEY ARE COMING UP THROUGH THE MIDDLE.

THIS IS THE SAME WAY YOU CAN DO SCREWS.

YOU WANT TO MAKE A CIDER PRESS SCREW, YOU JUST DRAW THE PITCH ON THERE.

THERE YOU GO.

VERY NICE.

SO NOW WE HAVE THOSE.

YOU CAN SEE THOSE DIAGONAL LINES WRAPPED AROUND WILL BECOME OUR SPIRAL.

ALL RIGHT.

SO WE'RE GOING TO TAKE THAT NOW, WRAP IT AROUND.

THERE'S A LOT OF WAYS OF DOING THIS.

YOU CAN DRAW THIS, I THINK, A LITTLE MORE COMPLEXLY... HA HA HA... THAN PERHAPS YOU WANT.

AH, THIS IS NICE.

THIS PAPER TAPE, YOU CAN SEE THROUGH IT.

SO I'LL BE ABLE TO SAW THROUGH, BECAUSE THAT'S OUR NEXT STAGE NOW.

ALL RIGHT, SEE HOW THE SPIRALS LINE UP?

SO NOW TAKE THE TAPE OR GLUE OR STICKY PAPER AND SET IT ACROSS THE JOINT.

YEAH.

HOLD IT TIGHT.

YOU CAN SEE...

THIS IS THE WONDERFUL STUFF.

I DON'T KNOW WHY PEOPLE WERE DOING THIS.

MAYBE IT WAS THE ROPES OF THE EXECUTIONS THAT WERE GOING ON BACK AT THAT TIME.

HERE WE ARE.

I WAS LOOKING FOR MY SAW.

SO NOW WE'VE GOT THE SPIRAL WRAPPED AROUND THERE.

WE'RE GOING TO SAW THE SPIRAL, MAKE CUTS ALL THE WAY AROUND, AND TRY AND DO IT FROM ONE END, CUTTING BACKWARDS INTO... NOW, NOTICE I LEFT THE END OF THAT PAPER UNCUT BECAUSE WE'VE GOT TO KEEP THIS PAPER ON HERE TILL WE'VE CUT BOTH SPIRALS.

SO JUST SAW BACKWARDS, LETTING IT TRACK IN THE CUT THAT YOU DID BEFORE.

AGAIN, DON'T CUT ALL THE WAY TO THE END.

NOW WE'VE GOT TO GO BACK TO THE OTHER END AGAIN.

ALL RIGHT, FIND THAT SPOT AND DO THE OTHER ONE, BECAUSE WE HAVE 2 ROPES INTERTWINED.

AND YOU COULD DO AS MANY AS YOU WANT, FROM ONE UP.

I GUESS YOU HAVE TO HAVE AT LEAST ONE TO MAKE THIS WORK.

THERE WE ARE.

WE CAN ALSO THINK OF THE 2 COMPETING PHILOSOPHIES.

THERE WAS THE DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS AND THE ROYALISTS AND THE FOLKS THAT... YOU KNOW, THE COUNTRY GENTS AND THAT STUFF, THE CAVALIERS, AND THEN THE PURITANS IN TOWN-- THOSE 2 THREADS INTERTWINED AND YET STILL SEPARATE, BATTLING EACH OTHER.

THAT'S WHAT THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR WAS.

SO HERE WE ARE.

WE'RE READY TO TAKE OFF THE TAPE AND THE PAPER, AND YOU CAN SEE WE HAVE THE SPIRAL GOING ALL THE WAY AROUND.

WE'LL CUT IT AGAIN DEEPER NOW AND THEN START IN...

I'LL TELL YOU WHAT--I'M GOING TO START FROM THE MIDDLE HERE AND WORK MY WAY BACK, JUST BECAUSE I'M JUST GOING TO DO THIS END TO START, AND THEN I'LL GO TO ANOTHER PIECE THAT'S FURTHER ALONG.

BECAUSE THE ONLY REASON... HA HA HA!

YOU CAN DO THIS AS NICE AS YOU WANT.

NOW, HERE'S THE OTHER ONE.

SO I'LL START FROM RIGHT HERE AND WORK MY WAY BACK.

AGAIN, I'M USING A BOW SAW.

YOU CAN USE ANY SAW YOU LIKE.

IT DOESN'T MATTER.

IT'S JUST NICE WITH THE BOW SAW BECAUSE IT'S 3/8 INCH THICK.

I CAN WATCH UNTIL THE BLADE BURIES IN THE SURFACE.

OOP.

OOP.

OOP.

THAT'S ALL RIGHT.

THAT'S COMING OFF.

I MEANT TO DO THAT.

WATCH UNTIL THE BLADE BURIES IN THE SURFACE, AND IT TELLS YOU HOW DEEP YOU'VE CUT.

BUT YOU COULD ALSO PUT STICKY PAPER ON THERE.

NOW, I HAD MY DIVIDERS.

DID I TAKE THEM OVER HERE?

I DID.

I'M GOING TO REACH OVER TO MY WORK BENCH AND GET THEM AND USE THE DIVIDERS NOW TO FIND THE CENTER.

SO I'VE GOT A CENTER LINE I'M SETTING BY TRACKING ONE PART OF THE DIVIDER IN THE SAWN GROOVE.

THAT'S GOING TO BE OUR RIDGE.

SO WE'VE GOT A NICE RIDGE DOWN THERE, JUST LIKE KIND OF WHEN WE WERE DOING WHEN WE WERE CUTTING THE BEVEL AROUND THE DROP LEAF THERE.

SO THAT'S THE RIDGE.

WE LEAVE THAT UNCUT.

NOW IT'S JUST A MATTER OF CHISELING.

WE CHISEL AND CHISEL AND CHISEL.

SO START HERE AND WORK ON THE SLOPE AWAY FROM YOU.

DO YOU SEE HOW I'M GOING UP THE GRAIN?

IF I WORKED ON THE SIDE TOWARDS ME, SO TO SPEAK-- HOW SHALL I SAY?-- THIS WAY, YOU CAN SEE I'D BE GOING INTO THE GRAIN AND SPLINTERING.

SO YOU'RE ALWAYS WORKING UP THE SLOPE.

UP THE SLOPE.

UP THE SLOPE ALL THE WAY AROUND.

SO YOU TURN IT.

I'M JUST GOING TO DO THIS AND THEN TURN IT AROUND AND DO THE OTHER SIDE IN A SECOND HERE.

SO THERE'S ONE SIDE.

NOW WE'LL DO THIS ONE.

THERE'S ALWAYS A DEBATE WHEN YOU DO THIS BECAUSE IT'S SO NEAT-- WHEN YOU DO THIS CARVING, THERE'S A POLISHED, WONDERFUL LOOK TO THE WOOD.

ALL RIGHT, THERE WE GO.

ALL RIGHT, SO NOW WE HAVE 2 OF THESE BROUGHT UP, AND WE UNDO IT, TAKE IT AROUND, AND WE'LL COME BACK THE OTHER WAY.

AND WE'LL JUST LOOK AT HOW YOU REFINE THAT.

SO THESE ARE THE STEPS.

THESE JUST REPEAT.

SAWING ONE SIDE, SAWING DEEPER EACH TIME YOU DO THIS.

SO NOW WE'VE GOT TO, AGAIN, GO UP THE SLOPE.

SO WE'RE HERE AT THE FAR END.

ALWAYS WIDENING THIS GROOVE, AND LEAVING THAT PENCIL LINE INTACT.

DON'T LET THAT PENCIL LINE GO AWAY, BECAUSE THAT IS THE RIDGE.

YOU CAN SEE I'VE GOT SOME WORM HOLES IN THIS WOOD.

NOW, IF THEY'RE END-OUT, THAT'S OK.

IT MAKES IT LOOK OLDER.

IF THEY'RE TRACKS LIKE THAT THAT YOU'VE TURNED THROUGH, WELL, THAT'S KIND OF A DEAD GIVEAWAY, ISN'T IT?, THAT THIS WAS DONE WITH WORM-EATEN WOOD.

WE'LL WORK OUR WAY DOWN.

THERE YOU GO.

ALL RIGHT.

ALL THE WAY AROUND.

LET'S MOVE ON TO ONE THAT'S A LITTLE FARTHER ON.

BECAUSE THE ONLY REASON YOU DON'T SEE THIS MORE IS IT'S GREAT, IT'S SIMPLE, IT'S JUST TIME-CONSUMING BECAUSE YOU'RE WORKING ALONG DOING THIS STUFF.

HERE YOU CAN SEE THE NEXT STAGE.

YOU CAN SEE HOW GRUBBY IT GETS WITH YOUR HANDS HOLDING IT, BECAUSE THE OAK STAINS YOUR HANDS BLUE THERE.

WORKING IT ON DOWN, AND THEN YOU CAN USE A FILE OR A RASP OR WHATEVER AND DO THAT.

NOW, SPEAKING OF BLUE, WE'VE GOT TO SEE HOW OUR STUFF IS DOING AND PUT OUR TABLE TOGETHER HERE.

ALL RIGHT, LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT OUR SMELLY OAK AND COMPARE THE TWO.

I'M GOING TO SET IT RIGHT DOWN HERE.

HERE'S THE OAK THAT WAS IN THE AMMONIA VAPOR.

YOU CAN SEE.

LOOK AT THE DIFFERENCE.

LOOK AT THE DIFFERENCE IN THOSE TWO.

ALL RIGHT.

SO, THE LEGS GO ON, AND WE'LL END UP WITH A NICE CROMWELLIAN, BARLEY TWIST, ROPE-CARVED, DROP-LEAF TABLE, AND THE PLACE SMELLS LIKE AMMONIA, LIKE CROMWELL'S HORSES HAVE BEEN CAMPING IN HERE.

BUT THAT'S OK BECAUSE OUR TABLE IS COMPLETE.

SO THERE YOU GO.

SPIRAL TURNING AND DOVETAILS, SETTING THEM IN-- IT'S WONDERFUL, ISN'T IT?

THANKS FOR JOINING ME.

THIS IS ROY UNDERHILL HERE IN "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME.

SO LONG.

TO LEARN MORE ABOUT "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" AND TRADITIONAL WOODWORKING, VISIT PBS ONLINE.

YOU CAN FIND US AT pbs.org.

CAPTIONING MADE POSSIBLE BY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION CAPTIONED BY THE NATIONAL CAPTIONING INSTITUTE --www.ncicap.org-- MAJOR FUNDING FOR "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" IS PROVIDED BY... ROY UNDERHILL IS THE AUTHOR OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" AND OTHER BOOKS ABOUT TRADITIONAL WOODWORKING, PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS AND AVAILABLE AT BOOKSTORES AND LIBRARIES.