Raising Panel-Zona

MAJOR FUNDING FOR "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP"

IS PROVIDED BY...

[THUNDER]

[CAR ALARM BLARING]

WHEN THE UNEXPECTED HAPPENS, STATE FARM HAS THE TOOLS TO GET YOU TO A BETTER STATE.

PROUD SPONSOR OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

CAPTIONING MADE POSSIBLE BY FRIENDS OF NCI HEY.

HELLO AGAIN.

WELCOME BACK TO "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

I'M ROY UNDERHILL.

LET ME START YOU OFF WITH A RIDDLE.

WHAT DO THE PRINCE OF WALES, A GORILLA, AND A BALD MAN ALL HAVE IN COMMON?

WELL, ONE IS THE HEIR APPARENT, ONE HAS A HAIRY PARENT,

AND THE OTHER HAS NO HAIR APPARENT.

THAT'S TERRIBLE.

I'VE GOT A WORSE ONE.

ALL RIGHT.

WHAT DO A DOOR, A BROOM, AND A BADGER HAVE IN COMMON?

WELL, THE ANSWER TO THAT IS GOING TO TAKE ME

ALL THE REST OF THE TIME WE HAVE TOGETHER,

BECAUSE THEY HAVE A LOT IN COMMON.

NOW LET'S START WITH THE BROOM AND THE DOOR HERE.

WHY DOES A DOOR LOOK LIKE A DOOR?

WHY DOES IT HAVE A FRAME AND THEN THIS PANEL

THAT ALWAYS HAS THAT DISTINCTIVE LOOK

RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE OF IT?

WHAT IS IT ABOUT THIS DESIGN THAT MAKES IT SO UNIVERSAL?

WELL, IT'S DUE TO THIS, THE BROOM.

THE BROOM HAS STRUCTURE SOMEWHAT SIMILAR

TO THE WOOD THAT THE DOOR IS MADE OF, BECAUSE THE DOOR ONLY LOOKS LIKE THIS BECAUSE IT'S MADE OF WOOD.

WOOD HAS THAT GRAIN, THAT STRUCTURE,

THE CELLS THAT RUN LONGITUDINALLY, AND WHEN IT GETS HUMID,

THOSE CELLS EXPAND OUT TO THE SIDES.

AND WHEN IT GETS DRY, THEY SHRINK UP LIKE THIS.

THEY DO NOT, HOWEVER, GET LONGER AND SHORTER.

THEY DON'T MOVE THAT WAY.

THEY ONLY MOVE LIKE THIS.

SO THAT'S WHAT WOOD DOES.

NOW, WHAT IS IT ABOUT A DOOR THAT TAKES CARE OF THAT?

WELL, WHEN WE WANT TO MAKE A DOOR, WE WANT TO HAVE A STATIC DIMENSION, BUT WE'RE ASKING A DYNAMIC MATERIAL TO FRAME THAT STATIC DIMENSION.

SO WHAT WE DO IS, OF COURSE, WE MAKE THE FRAME OUT OF LONG GRAIN.

UP HERE, WE HAVE THE LONG GRAIN DEFINING THAT.

AND VERTICALLY WE HAVE THE LONG GRAIN.

THIS WILL NOT SWELL AND SHRINK.

THEN WE PUT A GROOVE ON THE INSIDE OF THAT FRAME WITHIN WHICH WE CAN PUT A PANEL.

SO WE'VE GOT ARCHED PANELS, WE'VE GOT ALL KINDS OF PANELS, BUT MOST PANELS WE SEE ARE RAISED LIKE THIS.

THAT'S WHAT I'M GONNA GO AFTER,

IS HOW YOU DO THIS PANEL.

NOW, THE BROOM NOT ONLY RELATES TO THE REASON A DOOR LOOKS LIKE A DOOR.

IT ALSO RELATES TO HOW WE HAVE TO WORK THE WOOD, BECAUSE WE'RE GONNA GO DOWN THE GRAIN THIS WAY.

WE'LL GO THIS WAY DOWN THE PANEL WITH A PLANE TO CUT THIS SURFACE,

BUT THEN WE ALSO HAVE TO GO ACROSS THE GRAIN.

AND IT'S ACROSS THE GRAIN-- THAT'S WHERE WE EARN OUR PAY, RIGHT THERE.

SO LET'S TAKE THE BROOM AND LOOK AT HOW THAT TEACHES US

ABOUT DOING CROSS-GRAIN WORK.

ALL RIGHT?

SO PUT THIS ON THE BENCH TOP, AND I'VE GOT A LITTLE SOMETHING TO--

WELL, HERE.

I'LL JUST TAKE A PANEL

AND COMPRESS IT HERE.

AND WE'LL SEE HOW IT WORKS ACROSS THE GRAIN.

NOW, IF I TAKE A CHISEL AND JUST RUN IT LIKE THIS, IT ALL DIGS--UH!

UH!

UH!

IT'S NOT WORKING.

NOW, IT WORKS A LITTLE BETTER IF I TURN IT DIAGONALLY.

YOU SEE HOW, IF I TURN THE CHISEL DIAGONALLY,

WE'RE ABLE TO TRICK THE WOOD, OR THE GRAIN HERE, INTO BEING CUT.

WE GO SQUARE ACROSS, IT JUST DIGS IN.

NOW, EVEN IF WE GO DIAGONALLY, THOUGH,

WE'RE STILL GETTING A ROUGH, UNEVEN THING.

SO WOULDN'T IT BE NICE IF WE HAD A KNIFE COMING ACROSS,

DEFINING THAT AREA WE WANTED TO CUT,

AND THEN WE COULD PLOW THAT OUT WITH A DIAGONAL CUT?

SO THAT'S THE SAME THING WE HAVE TO DO WITH OUR WOOD.

WE WILL WORK THE CROSS GRAIN FIRST ON OUR PANEL, AND THEN COME BACK AND DO THE LONG GRAIN THAT WE HAVE RIGHT HERE.

ALL RIGHT.

SO, LET'S GO TO THE WOOD.

AND THERE'S OUR POOR CUT-UP BROOM.

AND I'M GOING TO GET SOME PANEL WOOD.

WE'LL GO AHEAD AND CUT IT OUT,

AND WE MIGHT AS WELL START WITH THE PANEL SAW AND CUT OURSELVES A NICE PIECE OF PINE.

I'LL GET A SQUARE HERE AND A PENCIL AND LAY IT OUT.

ALL RIGHT.

SO A WHOLE BUNCH OF TOOLS

ASSOCIATED WITH THE PANELS.

THERE WE GO.

SO THERE'S OUR LENGTH.

WE'LL SET THAT OUT, AND I'LL POP IT WITH THE HOLDFAST.

AND THERE WE ARE.

ALL RIGHT.

OPEN THAT A LITTLE BIT.

AND THEN I'VE GOT A LITTLE PANEL SAW.

THIS IS MY LITTLE, LITTLE PANEL SAW.

[BOING BOING]

LITTLE, TINY THING.

THIS IS WHAT YOU USE, OF COURSE, FOR CUTTING WHAT?

PANELS.

THERE YOU GO.

A LITTLE SHORT SAW THERE.

SO, NOT USED SO MUCH BY CARPENTERS

AS BY JOINERS, WHO ARE THE FOLKS WHO DO DOORS AND WINDOWS.

SO TRY AND CUT SQUARE AND PARALLEL TO THE LINE.

ALL RIGHT.

ALL RIGHT.

AND THERE WE ARE.

THAT'S THE ROUGH PANEL.

HA HA HA.

IT WOULD BE NICE IF THAT WAS ALL YOU HAD TO DO.

LET ME TAP THE HOLDFAST OUT,

GET OUR BOARD OUT OF THE WAY.

BUT THESE BOARDS, THEY'VE BEEN GATHERING DUST, NICE BOARDS, BUT THAT DUST IS DEADLY.

AND THERE'S A PRINCIPLE YOU ALWAYS NEED TO OBSERVE WHEN YOU'RE DOING THIS KIND OF STUFF, IS TO USE THE MOST EASY-TO-SHARPEN TOOLS FIRST.

SO I'M GONNA LOOK AT THE GRAIN IN THIS.

WELL, IT LOOKS OK.

AND SHARPEN IT UP-- SHARPEN IT UP.

I'M GOING TO CLEAN IT UP

WITH AN EASIER-TO-SHARPEN PLANE RIGHT AT THE START.

ALL RIGHT.

AND GET ALL THIS DUST OFF,

BECAUSE THAT'S JUST GRIT.

IT'S LIKE SANDPAPER.

SO CLEAN IT OFF AND THEN SMOOTH IT OFF...

WITH A REGULAR BENCH PLANE.

SORT OF SWEEP ALL THAT EMBEDDED GRIT OFF, BECAUSE THE PLANES WE'RE GONNA START USING

ARE A LITTLE HARDER TO SHARPEN THAN THIS ONE.

THIS IS JUST A REGULAR NUMBER-4 BENCH PLANE SET UP FOR CLEANING UP AND SMOOTHING THERE.

ALL RIGHT.

SO THAT'S EASY TO SHARPEN.

WE'VE GOT IT CLEAN NOW.

LET'S GO AHEAD AND WORK OUR CROSS-GRAIN MAGIC.

AND I'M GONNA NEED THIS DOG...

TAKE THIS DOG UP, AND WE'LL USE THE COMBINATION OF THE DOG AND THE HOLDFAST

TO KEEP THE WOOD TOGETHER AS WE WORK.

ALL RIGHT.

SO... SHALL WE WORK HERE?

YEAH, LET'S WORK HERE.

ALL RIGHT.

SO SET THAT AGAINST THE DOG HERE.

SO THAT'S SWINGING THAT WAY.

AND THEN THE HOLDFAST IS GOING TO HOLD IT DOWN, BUT ALSO KEEP IT FROM ROTATING IT AWAY.

SO THIS WORKS REAL WELL...

HE SAID.

ALL RIGHT.

SO, WHAT WOULD BE EASY NOW, WE COULD START OUT, JUST AS WE DID BEFORE-- TRY AND FIND THAT KNIFE

AND THE SQUARE.

SO WE'RE GOING TO RAISE, CUT A FIELD.

WE'RE GONNA CUT AWAY PART OF THE WOOD RIGHT ACROSS HERE.

SO WE COULD TAKE THE SQUARE AND RUN A KNIFE DOWN THE SIDE HERE TO CUT THE GRAIN BEFORE WE TRY AND SWEEP IT OUT.

BUT WE DON'T NEED TO USE THE KNIFE AND THE SQUARE

BECAUSE WE ALREADY-- WE JUST DID IT.

WE CUT IT SQUARE LIKE THAT.

SO WE'VE ALREADY GOT THE END SQUARE.

SO INSTEAD OF USING A KNIFE AND A SQUARE, WE'LL USE A GAUGE THAT HAS A KNIFE BLADE IN IT.

SO YOU SEE IT RIGHT HERE.

THERE'S THAT BLADE.

THIS IS THE CUTTING GAUGE.

YOU CAN SEE IT HAS THAT KNIFE BLADE RIGHT THERE.

THAT KNIFE BLADE IS GOING TO SEVER THE GRAIN AT A LINE PARALLEL TO THE RIGHT ANGLE,

THE LINE THAT WE DID BEFORE.

SO LET ME SEE IF I CAN JUST PULL BACK

WITH THIS THING VERY LIGHTLY.

AND IT'S SHARP.

IT'S A SHARP KNIFE.

AND THERE WE GO.

WE'VE CUT THE GRAIN.

AND SO NOW IT'S NOT GONNA BE HELD ON.

WE HAVE MADE THE STOPPING CUT ESSENTIALLY.

I'LL MAKE IT A LITTLE DEEPER WITH THE KNIFE JUST TO BE SURE.

AND NOW ALL WE HAVE TO DO IS SWEEP OUT THE WOOD ON THIS SIDE.

SO WE COULD TAKE A CHISEL, LET'S SAY, AS WE DID BEFORE, AND WORK IT ACROSS THE GRAIN.

SO HERE WE ARE.

JUST WORK IT ON DOWN,

RIGHT UP TO THAT EDGE.

SO THAT'S ONE WAY WE CAN DO IT.

WE COULD ACTUALLY ROUGH THIS THING IN JUST USING THE CHISEL,

BECAUSE WHAT IS A PLANE EXCEPT A CHISEL

MOUNTED IN A BODY TO HOLD IT STEADY?

BUT I'M GONNA TAKE ANOTHER COUPLE OF PLANES HERE TO DO THIS.

I HAVE, OF COURSE, A PLOW PLANE HANDY.

NOW, WHY WOULD I HAVE A PLOW PLANE HANDY?

BECAUSE I'VE BEEN MAKING THE FRAMES.

THE FRAMES OF THE DOORS ARE ALWAYS GROOVED, AS YOU SEE RIGHT HERE.

LET ME GET THIS THING OUT OF THE WAY.

YOU SEE THE GROOVE RIGHT THERE.

THAT GROOVE IS CUT BY THIS IRON IN THE PLOW PLANE.

SO THIS PLOW PLANE IRON CUTS THIS GROOVE IN THE SIDE.

SO WE KNOW WE'VE GOT A PLOW PLANE

IF WE'RE MAKING DOORS, BECAUSE THAT'S WHAT IT TAKES TO MAKE A DOOR, IS A PLOW PLANE

WITH ITS NARROW IRON RIGHT THERE.

SO WE'VE GOT THIS TOOL.

LET'S SEE HOW IT WILL HELP US TO DEFINE THAT EDGE.

SO WE'RE JUST SEPARATING THAT END-GRAIN SHOULDER THERE.

WITH THE KNIFE CUT THROUGH THERE, NOW I CAN PLOW DOWN ACROSS THE GRAIN, AND IT'S GONNA BE REALLY RAGGEDY ON THIS SIDE, AS YOU CAN SEE, BUT OVER HERE WHERE THE KNIFE CUT IS,

THIS SIDE OF THE LINE IS VERY, VERY CLEAN.

SO WE'LL WORK OUR WAY DOWN WITH THAT,

AND THIS IS THE WAY A LOT OF THE BOOKS,

THE BRITISH BOOKS WILL TELL YOU HOW TO DO IT-- CUT A GROOVE THIS WAY, CUT A GROOVE THIS WAY.

YOU WORK YOUR GROOVE ALL THE WAY AROUND,

AND THEN YOU CAN START IN WITH THE PLANES, TAKING IT OUT.

AND AGAIN, YOU CAN ROUGH OUT A LOT OF IT JUST USING YOUR CHISEL, BECAUSE WHY?

BECAUSE IT'S EASIER TO SHARPEN THIS THAN IT IS TO SHARPEN SOME OF THESE PLANES

AND GET THEM ADJUSTED.

SO AGAIN, WE CAN USE THE EASIER-TO-SHARPEN TOOLS FIRST.

WELL, LET'S GET TO THE OTHER TOOLS HERE.

WHAT IF WE HAD A RABBET INVOLVED?

REMEMBER?

WE HAVEN'T GOTTEN TO THE BADGER YET.

HE'S COMING.

WE'VE GOT THE RABBET RIGHT NOW.

THIS IS CALLED A RABBET PLANE, AND THIS IS ONE THAT'S SQUARE ACROSS HERE.

YOU CAN SEE HOW THIS IRON IS SQUARE ACROSS.

I'VE GOT ANOTHER ONE-- THIS IS A BRITISH ONE.

THIS IS A DIAGONAL IRON.

SO YOU SEE A SQUARE IRON AND A DIAGONAL IRON

IN THESE TWO RABBET PLANES.

I'M GONNA TRY THE SQUARE ACROSS FIRST.

AND IT'S GONNA DO A NICE JOB.

IT'S A NICE PLANE WITH A CAP IRON AND ALL SORTS, BUT YOU CAN HEAR AS IT GETS LEVEL

AND CUTTING ALL THE WAY ACROSS,

THAT IT'S ROUGH.

YOU CAN ACTUALLY HEAR IN THE SOUND.

BUT IT ALSO IS LEAVING THIS SURFACE A LITTLE TORN.

IT'S JUST LIKE THAT CHISEL WHEN WE WERE WORKING ON THE BROOM, GOING SQUARE ACROSS.

IT'S DIGGING OUT, YOU KNOW, IT'S SPLINTERING STUFF UP.

WHEN WE DID A DIAGONAL CUT, IT WAS MUCH, MUCH CLEANER.

ALL RIGHT.

SO WE'RE GONNA GO TO NOW THIS DIAGONAL SKEWED-IRON RABBET PLANE.

AND THIS, YOU CAN TELL IT'S BRITISH,

IT'S A BRITISH-OWNED PLANE BECAUSE LOOK HOW DARK IT IS.

THE BRITISH JUST LOVED TO COVER THE PLANES WITH LINSEED OIL, AND IT ALL TURNS DARK AND FORMS JUST THIS HEAVY, HEAVY COATING ON THEM.

SO HERE WE GO.

THIS IS THE SKEWED IRON.

AND IT'S GONNA TAKE A SECOND TO GET DOWN, BECAUSE I'VE GOT THIS VERY FINELY SET.

BUT IF YOU LISTEN...

YOU CAN HEAR IT'S A MUCH SMOOTHER-SOUNDING CUT.

AND BECAUSE THAT SKEWED IRON IS TRICKING THE FIBERS OF THE WOOD

INTO THINKING THEY'RE BEING CUT THIS WAY INSTEAD OF THIS WAY, IT'S VERY, VERY SMOOTH.

SO THERE IT IS.

THAT'S THE SKEWED-IRON RABBET PLANE.

THAT'LL DO IT.

ALL RIGHT.

SO THAT'S A RABBET.

WHAT'S TOUGHER THAN A RABBET?

A BADGER.

WE NEED A BADGER PLANE.

SO I'LL GET THESE GUYS OUT OF HERE,

AND WE'LL CROSS THE POND TO GET A BADGER PLANE, BECAUSE THIS IS A TRADITIONALLY BRITISH TOOL.

AND IN FACT, LOOK HERE.

THIS IS--BOTH OF THESE PLANES WERE MADE, UH, IN MONTREAL.

SO THEY'RE MADE HERE IN NORTH AMERICA.

THIS ONE, HOWEVER, WENT TO ENGLAND, AND OF COURSE, IT GOT THE FULL LIFETIME OF "RUBBED WITH LINSEED OIL" TREATMENT THAT TURNED IT BLACK.

THIS ONE, AGAIN MADE IN MONTREAL, BUT IT IS, OF COURSE, STAYED IN NORTH AMERICA, AND IT STAYED WITHOUT THE TAR BUILDUP THAT WE HAVE.

SO BOTH CALLED A BADGER PLANE.

AND THIS ONE, INTERESTING.

THIS ONE HAS THE... WELL, WHY IS IT CALLED A BADGER PLANE FOR ONE?

WELL, LOOK AT THE WAY IT WORKS.

BOTH OF THESE PLANES-- THEY'RE, AGAIN, THE SAME MAKER--

THIS PLANE HAS THE IRON COMING ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE EDGE.

SO IT'S UNEVEN.

AND THERE WAS A COMPANY,

A PLANE-MAKING COMPANY IN ENGLAND CALLED BADGER, BUT PEOPLE ALSO THOUGHT THAT BADGERS HAD UNEVEN LEGS IN THE EARLY DAYS, SO MAYBE THIS UNEVEN PLANE HAS SOMETHING TO DO WITH IT.

NEVERTHELESS, HAVING THAT IRON PEEK OUT ON THE SIDE LEFT IT VERY PRONE TO BREAKING,

AND THAT WOULD REQUIRE YOU TO HAVE TO DO THESE REPAIRS.

THIS IS A CLASSIC REPAIR YOU SEE ON A BADGER PLANE.

IT'S ESSENTIALLY A BIG OLD RABBET PLANE.

ALL RIGHT.

SO, LET'S GET THIS GUY OUT OF THE WAY.

AND WE'LL SEE WHAT THE BADGER CAN DO.

AH.

ALL RIGHT.

HERE'S THE BADGER.

AGAIN, RIGHT UP TO THE SHOULDER.

AND LISTEN TO THIS.

[PLANE SCRAPING WOOD]

I CAN HEAR IT.

LISTEN TO THAT.

NOW BRING IT ALL THE WAY DOWN TO THE BOTTOM OF THAT ROUGH CUT DONE BY THE PLOW PLANE.

AND EVEN GO A LITTLE FARTHER,

BECAUSE WE'RE GONNA DO SOME TRICKS

WITH THIS PANEL-RAISING THAT WE'RE DOING.

THAT'S THE TRICK WITH THIS PLANE--

THE BADGER HAS FEW LIMITATIONS

BUT ALSO HAS FEW CONTROLS.

IT'S WILD.

DO YOU SEE HOW THERE'S NO SHOULDER HERE?

YOU CAN GO DEEP AS YOU WANT.

YOU COULD CUT A 3-FOOT-DEEP SHOULDER

IF YOU WANTED TO WITH THIS BECAUSE THERE'S NO STEP HERE.

NOW I'M GOING TO BRING OVER ONE OF THESE HERE PANEL PLANES.

NOW, THIS IS A BRITISH PANEL PLANE.

THIS IS A DIFFERENT WAY OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM.

HERE YOU CAN SEE THEY'VE CUT IT AWAY JUST IN A SHOULDER.

SO THIS CAN CUT ONLY AS DEEP AS THAT.

SO ABOUT...A LITTLE MORE THAN HALF AN INCH.

THIS THING HERE, THIS CAN KEEP GOING.

THIS GOES AS DEEP AS THAT.

HERE WE SEE THE KNIFE INTEGRATED ON HERE, AND THIS COULD EVEN HAVE A FENCE.

SO THERE'S ALL KIND OF COMPROMISES, BUT THE ONE THAT IS THE MOST VERSATILE IS THIS, THE OLD BRITISH BADGER PLANE.

ALL RIGHT.

SO I'LL PUT THAT GUY BACK.

THAT'S THE PANEL PLANE.

WE'LL SEE WHAT THE AMERICANS DO IN JUST A SECOND.

ALL RIGHT.

SO, RIGHT ON DOWN.

AND ALMOST THERE.

I WANT TO COME DOWN A LITTLE DEEPER, BECAUSE WE'RE GONNA GO TO THE IRON AGE IN A SECOND.

I'M GONNA LOOK AT SOME IRON PLANES THAT'LL DO THIS.

NOW, WHAT IF WE TOOK ANOTHER TYPE OF PLOW PLANE?

THIS IS ONE CALLED A...

WELL, IT'S NOT CALLED THAT.

IT IS A STANLEY 45.

AND I'M LOOKING FOR MY LITTLE SCREWDRIVER.

THERE IT IS, BECAUSE WE'VE GOT TO DO SOMETHING TO IT.

THIS IS AN IRON PLOW PLANE, AND IT HAS A LITTLE BUSINESS RIGHT HERE

THAT'S USUALLY IGNORED.

THIS IS THE SPUR.

ACTUALLY, THERE ARE 3 SPURS.

AND I'VE GOT TO BE SO CAREFUL NOT TO DROP THAT SCREW.

ALL RIGHT.

THERE ARE ACTUALLY 3 SPURS.

ALL RIGHT.

THERE IT GOES.

AND NOW I'LL TAKE ONE AND TURN IT AROUND HERE.

AND SEE, NOW THAT SPUR IS DOWN,

AND I'VE SHARPENED IT.

USUALLY THEY'RE LEFT JUST BLUNT AND NEVER USED.

BUT IF WE ENGAGE THE SPUR, IT WILL CUT THE GRAIN JUST AHEAD OF THE PLOW IRON THAT FOLLOWS IT.

SO IT SEVERS THAT GRAIN.

SO THIS IS HOW THEY'VE DONE THIS SPUR HERE, A SHARPENED LITTLE SPUR RIGHT THERE,

A LITTLE, TINY SPUR RIGHT THERE ROTATED DOWN.

THERE'S ONE ON THE OTHER SIDE.

I'M NOT GONNA BRING IT DOWN, BUT IT WILL CUT THE GRAIN AHEAD OF THE PLOW IRON.

SO WE DON'T NEED, THIS TIME, TO USE THE KNIFE TO CUT ACROSS THE GRAIN.

LET ME PULL IT BACKWARDS JUST TO TEST

AND SEE IF THAT SPUR IS CUTTING.

AND YOU CAN SEE-- LOOK AT THAT.

SEE HOW IT'S LEFT A LITTLE SEVERED LINE RIGHT THERE?

JUST LIKE THE CUTTING GAUGE WOULD DO.

SO THERE WE GO.

WE CAN RELY ON THAT AND JUST WORK ACROSS.

AND, OH, HERE YOU SEE.

LOOK AT THAT.

DO YOU SEE THAT SPLINTERING RIGHT THERE?

THIS IS WHY WE ALWAYS DO THE CROSS-GRAIN FIRST.

SO WE DO THE CROSS-GRAIN FIRST ON BOTH ENDS OF OUR PANEL, AND THEN WHEN WE COME BACK,

THAT SPLINTERING-OUT IS JUST INEVITABLE,

BUT WHEN WE COME THIS WAY TO DO THE LONG GRAIN OF THE PANEL, THEN WE'LL TAKE ALL OF THAT AWAY.

SO WE DON'T HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT

THAT SPLITTING OFF ON THE FAR END.

SO I CAN WORK THIS DOWN, USE VARIOUS PLANES.

I'LL SHOW YOU A COUPLE OF MORE RABBETS.

BOY, THAT'S ABOUT AS DEEP AS I WANT TO GO, THOUGH.

I'M GONNA SHOW YOU A COUPLE MORE PLANES YOU CAN USE AS A RABBET.

THIS ONE IS GENERALLY USED AS A SHOULDER PLANE.

SO THIS IS INTENDED AS A SHOULDER PLANE

TO CUT END GRAIN, NOT SO MUCH CROSS GRAIN.

BUT THE LOW ANGLE-- MAN, IT REALLY WANTS TO WORK.

SO HERE WE GO.

THAT'LL GO ACROSS THE GRAIN.

AND IT'S A NICE PLANE, BUT DO YOU SEE,

BECAUSE IT'S SQUARE ACROSS ON THE BOTTOM, IT'S STILL LEAVING IT ROUGH.

HERE'S ANOTHER VERSION, ANOTHER ONE.

THIS IS A LARGER RABBET PLANE, AGAIN IN IRON.

AND BY "RABBET," I MEAN IT CAN CUT UP TO THE SHOULDER.

DO YOU SEE HOW THE FRAME IS ARCHED THERE

SO THAT THE IRON GOES ALL THE WAY TO THE SHOULDER.

WE PUT THAT IN.

AGAIN WE CAN GO DOWN.

THAT'S NICE.

BUT IT'S ALWAYS A LITTLE BIT ROUGH BECAUSE WE HAVE A SQUARE-ACROSS IRON.

WE'VE GOT TO HAVE THAT SKEWED IRON.

SO LET'S GO BACK TO THE BADGER AND CUT IT AGAIN.

AND YOU CAN HEAR THAT DIFFERENCE.

ALL RIGHT.

VERY SMOOTH THERE NOW.

THE PROBLEM IS I'VE MADE IT TOO DEEP.

I'VE GOT TO NOW MAKE THIS DEEPER

BECAUSE I WANT TO SHOW YOU A TRICK--

NOT A TRICK, BUT A FEATURE

OF THE BADGER PLANE.

LOOK AT THAT.

CROSS-GRAIN, BADGER PLANE DON'T CARE.

BADGER PLANE GOES RIGHT DOWN.

ALL RIGHT.

I WANT TO SHOW YOU HOW WE USE THIS FOR MOLDINGS, BECAUSE IT'S NOT ALWAYS JUST A STEPPED SHOULDER HERE.

SOMETIMES THERE'S MOLDINGS ON THAT.

AND WHAT WE CAN DO, OF COURSE, NOW IS MOLD THIS CORNER OVER.

OFTEN, THIS WILL BE INTEGRATED INTO A PLANE.

YOU CAN SEE HOW THIS PLANE WILL NOT CUT DOWN ALL THE WAY IN A SQUARE CUT.

IT WILL CUT A BEVEL ON THE END.

YOU SEE HOW THERE'S A LITTLE BEVELED-AWAY PLACE RIGHT THERE?

SO THAT BEVEL WILL MAKE A BEVELED SHOULDER.

YOU CAN HAVE AN OVOLO.

YOU CAN HAVE A HALF-ROUND.

YOU KNOW, YOU CAN HAVE A HOLLOW.

YOU CAN HAVE A ROUND DOWN IN THERE,

JUST BECAUSE OF THE WAY THE BED AND THE IRON ARE SHAPED.

ALL RIGHT?

SO LET'S SEE WHAT THAT DOES HERE.

I'VE GOT A SHARP, SHARP SHOULDER.

WE'RE GOING TO MAKE THAT A QUARTER-ROUND,

USING THIS PLANE.

NOW, YOU'RE SAYING, THIS PLANE, THIS IS JUST A HOLLOW PLANE.

SEE, IT'S JUST A SIXTH OF A CIRCLE TO DO A HOLLOW.

BUT IT'S ALSO GOT A VERY FAINTLY SKEWED IRON.

SO EVEN THIS PLANE SHOULD DO WELL ACROSS THE GRAIN.

BUT WE SHALL SEE.

ALL RIGHT.

SO WE'LL WORK IT DOWN.

THESE COST ABOUT 10% MORE

THAN THE REGULAR SQUARE-ACROSS HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS BACK IN THE DAY.

[BLOWS]

THERE WE GO.

AND IT'S CUTTING PRETTY DARN SMOOTH.

ALL RIGHT.

SO I'LL BE ABLE TO WORK THIS AROUND.

YEAH.

[BLOWS]

AND THAT'S NICE.

NOW I'LL TAKE A LITTLE BIT OF SHAVINGS HERE

AND RUB ON THAT TO TAKE OFF THE FUZZ,

BUT YOU CAN SEE HOW WE'VE DONE

A NICE ROUND BEADED SHOULDER THERE

AND THIS FLAT.

NOW, THE PROBLEM WITH THIS FLAT IS

IT'S FLAT, IT'S FLAT.

NOW, IF WE WANT IT TO GO IN A SLOPE AND GET A NICE SOMETHING THAT WILL REFLECT THE LIGHT, IT'S GOING TO GO DOWN TO A FEATHER EDGE.

SO THAT'S THE LIMITATION WITH A BADGER PLANE.

AND SO THIS IS NOT USED SO MUCH IN NORTH AMERICA.

WE DON'T USE THE BADGER PLANE.

AMERICANS, INSTEAD OF USING A LOT OF VERSATILE PLANES, TEND TO MAKE ONE PLANE THAT DOES THE ENTIRE JOB BUT IS VERY SPECIFIC.

HERE.

LET ME SEE IF I HAVE IT.

HERE WE GO.

AGAIN, 1830's.

THIS IS AN AMERICAN PANEL-RAISING PLANE.

SO IT HAS THE NICKER RIGHT HERE.

YOU CAN SEE THAT'S READY TO CUT THE WOOD

AHEAD OF THE IRON,

AND THE IRON IS SKEWED, BUT IT'S ALSO STEPPED.

YOU CAN SEE HOW IT WILL CUT BOTH THE FLAT HERE AND THEN A LITTLE SHOULDER UP THIS WAY.

NOW, IT'S A FIXED FENCE AND EVERYTHING.

SO IT IS NOT A VERY VERSATILE TOOL,

BUT IT DOES THE ENTIRE JOB.

SO LET ME GET A PIECE READY FOR THAT.

YEAH, LET'S DO IT RIGHT-- WE'LL DO IT RIGHT HERE.

OK.

I'M GONNA DO THE END GRAIN.

AND WE'LL DO IT THE AMERICAN WAY.

ALL RIGHT.

LET ME SET THAT.

GET THAT DOG DOWN.

ALL RIGHT.

AND WE'LL WORK ACROSS THE GRAIN.

NOW, THIS PLANE ALSO HAS TO BE HELD CANTED OVER AT WHAT'S CALLED A SPRING ANGLE.

YOU DON'T GO STRAIGHT DOWN.

YOU GO ON A TILT.

AND WE DO THE END GRAIN FIRST.

NOW WE SEE THE SPUR HAS STARTED TO CUT RIGHT THERE.

SO IT'S GETTING A SHARP SHOULDER.

AND WE NEED A LITTLE BIT OF VELOCITY

WHEN WE USE THIS THING.

AND IT WILL GO DOWN AND STOP ITSELF BECAUSE IT HAS AN INTEGRAL DEPTH...DEPTH STOP.

IT'LL COME DOWN UNTIL WE MATCH THE BEVEL

ON THE PART THAT WE'VE PREVIOUSLY CUT.

AND YOU CAN SEE WHAT THAT LITTLE STEPPING DOES RIGHT THERE,

IT LEAVES A FLAT.

SO WE'VE GOT A FLAT IN ONE DIRECTION, A SLOPE, AND THEN THAT SHARP SHOULDER.

SO IT DOES IT QUICK,

BUT IF WE WANTED TO DO SOMETHING DIFFERENT, WE'VE GOT TO MAKE A WHOLE OTHER PLANE.

LET'S DO THE LONG GRAIN NOW.

SO... WE'VE GOT ALL THE END GRAIN DONE.

WE'VE DONE ONE SIDE OF THE LONG GRAIN NOW.

SO NOW WE CAN TAKE IT AND MATCH UP THAT FINAL BIT.

I'LL PULL THE DOG BACK.

AND I GUESS IF WE HAD BEEN USING THE BADGER PLANE,

WE SHOULD HAVE HAD--

THE DOG SHOULD HAVE BEEN A DACHSHUND, I GUESS.

SO HERE WE GO, RIGHT THERE...AND THERE.

AND THESE DOGS RIDE UP A LITTLE BIT,

SO I LIKE TO GIVE THEM A POP, BRING THEM DOWN.

ALL RIGHT.

AND NOW WE'LL SEE.

NOW, HERE IN THE LONG GRAIN, YOU DON'T REALLY NEED THE SPUR, BUT WE'VE GOT IT.

SO WE'LL... TAKE ADVANTAGE OF IT.

WITH LONG GRAIN, YOU CAN JUST HAVE A PLAIN OLD IRON.

UH!

IT'S, UH...

AND BOY, WHEN IT GETS INTO THE LONG GRAIN,

IT REQUIRES SOME STRENGTH.

THERE WE GO.

NOW IT'S COMING.

ALL RIGHT.

SO WE BRING IT DOWN,

WATCHING THIS LITTLE PART TO SEE THAT IT'S FLAT.

THERE WE GO.

AH.

AND A FEW MORE.

SO WE DON'T WANT TO MAKE ONE STROKE TOO MANY

BECAUSE THAT WILL MAKE US HAVE TO GO AROUND THE OTHER WAY.

SO A COUPLE MORE RIGHT HERE.

AND I THINK WE ARE... WE'RE ABOUT DOWN.

ALL RIGHT.

NOW, SO THE IDEA

IS TO STOP WHEN YOU GET THESE BEVELS AT A NICE 45, AND IN THE LIGHT, YOU CAN SEE HOW THE BEVELS DROP DOWN.

YOU CAN SEE THAT ANGLE RIGHT THERE.

THAT'S WHAT WE'RE AFTER.

IT REFLECTS THE LIGHT.

SO IT'S ALL DONE IN THE AMERICAN WAY WITH ONE PLANE THAT DOES THE ENTIRE JOB.

SO THAT'S THE WAY WE ROLL.

WE DON'T NEED NO STINKIN' BADGERS.

ALL RIGHT.

SO THERE'S OUR RIDDLE

OF THE PANEL PLANE.

THIS IS ROY UNDERHILL HERE IN "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME.

SO LONG.

LEARN MORE ABOUT "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP"

AND TRADITIONAL WOODWORKING ON OUR WEBSITE.

YOU CAN FIND US ONLINE AT pbs.org.

CAPTIONING MADE POSSIBLE BY FRIENDS OF NCI MAJOR FUNDING FOR "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP"

IS PROVIDED BY...

[THUNDER]

[CAR ALARM BLARING]

WHEN THE UNEXPECTED HAPPENS, STATE FARM HAS THE TOOLS TO GET YOU TO A BETTER STATE.

PROUD SPONSOR OF THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

ROY UNDERHILL IS THE AUTHOR OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S GUIDE: WORKING WOOD WITH WEDGE AND EDGE,"

AS WELL AS OTHER BOOKS ON TRADITIONAL WOODWORKING, ALL PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS

AND AVAILABLE AT BOOKSTORES AND LIBRARIES.