Table Joints Rule!

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PROUD SPONSOR OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

CAPTIONING MADE POSSIBLE BY FRIENDS OF NCI HEY, WELCOME BACK TO "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP."

I'M ROY UNDERHILL.

SO GLAD YOU COULD BE WITH ME AGAIN TODAY BECAUSE WE ARE GOING TO LOOK AT TABLES.

NOW, IT'S A VERY GOOD IDEA, WHEN YOU DECIDE TO LOOK AT TABLES, TO LEARN FROM A MAN WHO HAS SPENT A WHOLE LOT OF TIME UNDER THE TABLE.

AND OF COURSE, BILL ANDERSON.

HEY, BILL.

PART OF THE LEARNING PROCESS, YOU KNOW.

THAT'S RIGHT.

WELL, YOU WERE LOOKING NOT SO MUCH AT THE TABLE, BUT WHAT YOU'RE GONNA SHOW US TODAY, WHICH IS THIS RIGHT HERE.

THE RULE JOINT.

THE RULE JOINT, AND THAT IS THE DROP-LEAF RULE JOINT.

YOU CAN SEE HOW THAT ALLOWS THE LEAF TO DROP DOWN, BUT IT HAS OTHER ADVANTAGES, TOO.

ABSOLUTELY, YEAH.

AND YOU KNOW, IT GOT ITS NAME FROM THE...FROM THESE, THE JOINT THAT THEY USED TO MAKE OLD RULES WITH.

SO JUST LIKE THAT THERE?

YEAH.

SO IT'S ALSO KNOWN AS A TABLE-LEAF JOINT OR A RULE JOINT, EITHER ONE.

THAT'S GREAT.

OK.

SO IT COMES FROM THE OLD FOLDING RULE.

BUT ALSO I LIKE IT BECAUSE IT DOESN'T PINCH YOUR FINGERS SO MUCH AS IF YOU HAD THAT BIG OPENING.

DEPENDS ON HOW QUICK YOU ARE.

THAT'S RIGHT.

THE REALLY NICE THING ABOUT THESE JOINTS IS THAT, WHEN THE TABLE IS UP-- I JUST GOT MYSELF PINCHED.

WHEN THE TABLE IS UP, IT'S GOT SUPPORT.

THE LEAF HANGS ON THE TABLE LEAF RIGHT HERE.

AND AS IT COMES DOWN, YOU JUST SEE THE BARREL AND THE TWO FILLETS HERE LIKE THAT, NO EVIDENCE OF THE HINGES OR ANYTHING LIKE THAT.

AH, THAT'S GREAT.

ALL RIGHT.

SO YOU HAVE NO IDEA WHAT THE JOINERY IS ALL ABOUT.

JUST THE APPEARANCE SAYS IT, AND VERY ELEGANT.

WELL, YOU KNOW, IT'S A FRIENDLY, FAMILIAR JOINT.

IN FACT, I BET IT'S SO FAMILIAR, I MEAN, THIS HAS KIND OF BEEN WORKED OUT, HOW TO DO THIS.

NOW, I MEAN, EVERYBODY MAKES RULE JOINTS.

NOWADAYS, YOU KNOW, A LOT OF PEOPLE USE ROTARY TOOLS TO CUT THESE WITH.

YOU KNOW, IN FACT, WE'VE GOT ONE RIGHT HERE.

OH, I LIKE THAT.

SEE WHAT YOU THINK ABOUT THIS.

OK.

THIS IS YOUR WHAT NOW?

THIS IS A BARNES VELOCIPEDE SHAPER.

VELOCIPEDE.

ALL RIGHT.

AM I GOING THE RIGHT WAY?

YOU HAVE TO PEDAL BACKWARDS ON THESE.

AND YOU KNOW, IT'S SAID THAT THESE THINGS ARE ALCOHOL-POWERED.

OH, I LIKE THAT.

SO AN ALCOHOL-POWERED ROTARY, AND LET ME SEE.

I'VE GOT TO FEED THIS.

IT'S NOT CUTTING YET.

IT'S A LITTLE BIT OF A ROUGH CUT.

YOU CAN HEAR HOW ROUGH THAT CUT IS.

WHOA.

[MACHINE WHIRRING] YEAH.

WHOO!

ALL PART OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

YEAH.

BOY, THAT'S NASTY, THOUGH.

NOT QUITE WHAT WE'D BE LOOKING FOR.

ALL RIGHT.

BUT THE NICE THING IS I THINK THE MOTOR ON THIS ACTUALLY DETECTS CONTACT WITH HUMAN FLESH.

SO THAT'S A VERY GOOD ADVANTAGE FOR THIS.

BUT IT'S...THIS IS NOT THE WAY THE OLD STUFF WAS DONE?

YOU KNOW, 18th-CENTURY CRAFTSMEN, THEY WERE CUTTING THESE JOINTS.

THEY WERE A LITTLE BIT MORE IN TUNE WITH THE NATURE OF THE WOOD AND THE TOOLS THEY USED TO CUT THOSE JOINTS.

SO WE'VE BEEN--I'VE BEEN LOOKING AT THAT.

THAT'S WHAT I MEANT BY BEING UNDER THE TABLE.

UNDER THE TABLE.

UNDERNEATH, BECAUSE MOST OF YOUR STUDY WAS AT WHERE?

I HAD THE CHANCE TO GO TO THE MUSEUM OF EARLY SOUTHERN DECORATIVE ARTS, CALLED MESDA OVER IN OLD SALEM.

MM-HMM.

THEY LET ME ROAM THROUGH THEIR COLLECTION THERE AND LOOK AT UNDERNEATH OF THE TABLES.

WE LOOKED FOR TOOL MARKS, UH, HINGES, JOINERY, EVIDENCES OF HOW THEY DID THE JOINERY AND ALL THAT.

AND ONE THING WE SAW ON EVERY SINGLE TABLE IS THIS SCRIBE LINE RIGHT HERE, AND THAT LINE, YOU CAN SEE, IS LINED UP WITH THE CENTER OF THE HINGE RIGHT THERE.

OK. AND THE HINGE, THAT'S NEAT, THE WAY THAT'S OFFSET.

AND IT'S LINED UP WITH THE FILLET FOR THE JOINT RIGHT THERE.

THAT LITTLE SHOULDER.

THEY HAVE TO BE EXACTLY IN LINE FOR THE JOINT TO ROTATE ON THIS ARC.

OK.

SO IT'S ALL PART OF THE LAYOUT, A VERY CAREFUL PROCESS.

THAT'S PRETTY NEAT.

AND SO YOU SAW THIS ON THE OLD ONES.

SAW THIS ON THE OLD ONES.

WE SAW A LOT OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF HINGES.

AND, UH, IN FACT, I'VE GOT A COUPLE RIGHT HERE WE CAN TAKE A LOOK AT.

I SEE ONE IN BRASS AND ONE IN IRON.

ONE IN BRASS AND ONE IN IRON.

SO THEY DON'T GO LIKE THAT, WITH THE BARREL UP LIKE YOU WOULD THINK.

IT'S LIKE THAT.

THE INTERESTING THING ABOUT THESE IS THE HINGES MOUNT UPSIDE-DOWN, SO TO SPEAK, AND SET DOWN INTO THE WOOD FLUSH.

AND YOU CAN SEE RIGHT HERE HOW FLUSH THE HINGE IS.

IT JUST GOES RIGHT ACROSS THERE.

RIGHT ACROSS THERE, YEAH.

AND THIS ONE...

THIS IS...

THIS IS A WROUGHT-IRON HINGE MADE...

IT'S AN 18th-CENTURY HINGE MADE BY PETER ROSS.

IT'S A REPRODUCTION.

IT'S GOT A LITTLE TAPER.

IT'S TAPERED, AND IT'S TWO LEAVES THAT ARE FORGE-WELDED TOGETHER-- A VERY TRADITIONAL STYLE OF DROP-LEAF HINGE.

BUT CENTER OF ROTATION IS THE CENTER OF THAT, NO MATTER WHAT.

NO MATTER WHAT, IT'S THE CENTER OF THE HINGE ITSELF.

THEY ALL USE STEEL SCREWS, ALTHOUGH THIS ONE HAS BRASS SCREWS IN IT.

HUH.

ALL RIGHT.

AND OF COURSE, I GUESS THE OTHER ELEMENT-- I SEE THEM RIGHT HERE-- IS THE PLAIN PLANES.

THE THING I WAS REALLY INTERESTED IN IS THE KINDS OF PLANES AND TOOLS THAT THE CRAFTSMEN USED TO MAKE THESE JOINTS WITH.

AND I'VE GOT A COUPLE DIFFERENT THINGS HERE.

WE'VE GOT SOME MATCHED TABLE-JOINT PLANES HERE.

THERE'S A COUPLE DIFFERENT STYLES HERE.

YOU CAN SEE THERE'S A STYLE LIKE THAT, SOMETHING THAT LOOKS LIKE A HOLLOW AND ROUNDER.

BUT THESE WERE IN PAIRS.

ALWAYS IN PAIRS.

UH-HUH.

SO THERE'S ANOTHER PAIR MATCHED.

ONE CUT THE HOLLOW, AND ONE CUT THE ROUND OF THE JOINT.

UH-HUH.

AND THEN HERE'S ANOTHER EXAMPLE RIGHT HERE.

AND ONE THING ABOUT ALL THESE PLANES-- THEY ALL CUT THE SAME PROFILE, ABOUT A 3/8-INCH DIAMETER CIRCLE.

AND THEY COULD BE USED ON WOOD THAT WAS ANYWHERE FROM A HALF-INCH TO 7/8ths.

SO THE FILLET, THE PART THAT IS THE VERTICAL PART, WOULD VARY DEPENDING ON HOW THICK IT WAS.

HOW THICK THE TABLETOP WAS.

SO YOU USE ONE PLANE FOR ALL THAT DIFFERENT WORK.

BUT YOU COULD ALSO DO IT WITH HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS.

AND THE NICE THING ABOUT HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS IS THAT YOU HAVE A LOT OF OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE THE JOINT HOWEVER YOU WANT.

THE SIZE OF THE ROUND AND SO ON AND SO FORTH.

I THINK THE OTHER NICE THING WITH THIS IS THESE HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS ARE MORE AVAILABLE.

NOT EVERYBODY HAS WOODEN PLANES, BUT YOU CAN FIND THESE.

VERY SELDOM DO YOU FIND THE TABLE JOINTS TOGETHER AS A PAIR.

THEY LOOK LIKE MOLDING PLANES, BUT THEY'RE REALLY JOINERY PLANES.

AND PEOPLE WOULD SEPARATE THEM, BECAUSE NOT REALIZING THEY ARE ACTUALLY MEANT TO BE TOGETHER.

OK. WELL, I'LL TELL YOU WHAT.

WHY DON'T WE START WITH THE DEDICATED ONES?

I WANT TO SEE HOW THIS DOES.

WHAT KIND OF WOOD ARE YOU WORKING WITH HERE?

UH, WE'RE WORKING WITH SOME MAHOGANY HERE.

AND SO WE'LL CUT THE COVE FIRST.

ALL RIGHT.

SOUNDS GOOD.

AND...THAT SET.

ALL RIGHT.

SO THIS IS THE MATCHED SET, AND THAT'S THE ONE YOU'RE GONNA START WITH.

WE'VE GOT A LITTLE JOINT RIGHT THERE.

YOU CAN SORT OF SEE WHAT'S GOING ON.

THE THING ABOUT THESE PLANES IS THAT THEY'RE USED STRAIGHT UP AND DOWN, LIKE THAT.

SO THIS IS THE RELATIONSHIP WE'RE GONNA DO RIGHT NOW, THIS PIECE HERE.

RIGHT.

SO THEY'RE USED STRAIGHT UP AND DOWN.

AREN'T ALL PLANES USED STRAIGHT UP AND DOWN?

THEY'RE NOT.

MOLDING PLANES ARE USED AT ANGLES.

ALL RIGHT.

SO SINCE THEY'RE USED STRAIGHT UP AND DOWN, YOU HAVE TO REALLY FOCUS ON KEEPING THE FENCE-- THIS RIGHT HERE-- TIGHT AGAINST THE WORK.

OTHERWISE, IT SLIDES OFF.

AND THERE'S NOTHING HOLDING THIS VERTICAL EXCEPT FOR YOUR EYE.

YEAH.

ALL RIGHT.

BUT THIS PLANE WILL STOP CUTTING WHEN IT GETS TO THE END OF THE PROFILE BECAUSE THE PLANE WILL HIT THIS NON-CUTTING PART RIGHT THERE.

OH, OK. BESIDE THE SHARP IRON.

OK. AND, UH, IT LOOKS LIKE YOU'VE GOT-- BOY, IT GOES FAST.

THAT'S GREAT.

I LIKE THE WAY THE SHAVINGS-- WHEN YOU DO MOLDINGS, THEY'RE CORRUGATED AND VERY STITIFF.

AND YOU CAN HEAR WHEN WE GET TO THE END.

IT JUST DID IT.

THAT BOTTOMED OUT.

YEAH.

ALL RIGHT.

HA HA HA!

OK.

BOY, THAT WAS QUICK.

THAT'S ONE HALF OF THE JOINT RIGHT THERE.

SO THAT'S THE COVE.

SO THIS WOULD BE THE LEAF OF THE TABLE RIGHT THERE.

THIS IS THE DROP-LEAF PART RIGHT HERE.

OK.

I'LL KEEP HOLD OF THAT.

LIKE THAT.

LET'S DO ANOTHER ONE HERE.

ALL RIGHT.

THIS IS THE HOLLOW.

THIS IS THE ROUND PART.

OK.

SO THIS WOULD BE THE MAIN PART OF THE TABLE HERE.

THE THING ABOUT THIS PLANE-- IT DOESN'T HAVE A STOP ON IT.

THE BLADE COMES ALL THE WAY ACROSS.

YOU CAN SEE THAT.

SO IT'LL CONTINUE TO CUT ALL THE WAY THROUGH THE WOOD.

SO YOU COULD KEEP GOING ALL THE WAY DOWN TO NOTHING.

ALL THE WAY DOWN.

SO WHAT YOU HAVE TO DO IS YOU HAVE TO LAY OUT A LINE THAT TELLS YOU, ON EACH SIDE, HOW FAR DOWN TO GO.

A STOP LINE THERE.

A STOP LINE.

THIS LINE WOULD BE THE LINE FOR THE FILLET, AND THIS LINE IS THE LINE FOR THE HINGE TO BE CENTERED ON ON THE UNDERSIDE OF THE STOCK.

LET ME TAKE A FEW PASSES WITH THIS.

THEN I'LL LET YOU HAVE A CHANCE WITH IT.

OH, OK.

THIS SEEMS TO FENCE.

THEY ALL REFERENCE OFF THE BACK SIDE, THE BOTTOM SIDE OF THE STOCK.

THE BOTTOM SIDE OF THE TABLE.

SO YOU CAN'T PUT YOUR WASTE DOWN AT THE BOTTOM UNDER THE TABLE.

THIS PLANE CAPTURES THE PROFILE BETWEEN.

YOU'VE GOT TO REALLY FOCUS ON-- OK. ALL RIGHT.

GIVE IT A TRY.

SO, WHAT DO YOU MEAN NOW?

REALLY FOCUS ON KEEPING THE FENCE UP TIGHT TO THE...

SO THIS WAY.

THRUST IN THAT WAY.

EXACTLY.

AND EYEBALL VERTICALLY DOWN.

ALL RIGHT.

LIKE THAT?

YEP.

AND THEN CHECK THAT SCRIBE LINE ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE OVER HERE.

OK.

IT'S REAL EASY TO GET A LITTLE BANANA RIGHT THERE.

ALL RIGHT.

AND WE HAD TO SCOOP ICE CREAM INSTEAD.

INSTEAD OF HAVING IT ARCHED, WE WANT TO HAVE IT DEAD STRAIGHT ACROSS.

AND YOU CAN ALSO SOMETIMES TELL WHEN THE PROFILE MEETS THIS CORNER RIGHT HERE, YOU'RE DONE.

I THINK I WENT PAST IT A LITTLE BIT.

BUT LET ME SEE.

OK.

IT'S JUST A MATTER OF WHETHER I HELD IT UP THERE PROPERLY.

AND SO THAT HINGES...

SO THERE YOU ARE.

DOWN LIKE THAT.

THAT'S VERY, VERY NICE.

A VERY QUICK AND PRAGMATIC WAY TO CUT A RULE JOINT.

BUT YOU'VE GOT TO HAVE THAT DEDICATED RULE JOINT.

YOU HAVE TO HAVE DEDICATED PLANES AND SO ON AND SO FORTH.

SO NOW COMES THE PROOF OF IT.

WE'RE GONNA SEE HOW TO DO IT WITH THE HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS.

YOU CAN DO THIS WITH SOME HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS.

SO THAT'LL TAKE MORE PLANES, BUT THEY'RE MORE AVAILABLE.

ALL RIGHT.

I'M CLEARING YOUR DECKS HERE.

HA HA HA.

IF YOU LOOK AT THIS EXAMPLE HERE, YOU CAN SEE WE NEED TO LAY OUT THE LINE HERE AT THE BOTTOM THAT CORRESPONDS... THAT'S THAT LINE RIGHT THERE.

RIGHT THERE.

AND THAT CORRESPONDS TO WHERE THE HINGE IS GONNA ROTATE.

I SEE.

OK.

SO THE MIDDLE OF THIS HINGE-- WE'RE TRYING TO LOCATE THAT CORNER RIGHT THERE.

GET THE BARREL RIGHT THERE.

THE CENTER OF THE BARREL RIGHT AT THAT POINT.

OK. JUST PUT THAT DOWN HERE.

SO WE'VE GOT A... UM...

I SEE.

SO THAT'S ON THE UNDERSIDE NOW.

YEAH.

SO WE'RE GONNA LINE THAT UP RIGHT HERE AND LINE OUT THAT.

THAT'S THE LAND RIGHT THERE.

THAT'S THE PART THAT THE HINGE IS GONNA ROTATE ON.

OK.

SO WE ARE UNDER THE TABLE RIGHT NOW.

EXACTLY.

ALL RIGHT.

AND THEN WE'RE GONNA USE A SCRIBE HERE TO FIND THE CENTER POINT THAT THE HINGE IS GONNA ROTATE FROM.

AND YOU JUST SET THIS ON AND SCRIBE AN ARC.

YOU CAN SET THIS KIND OF ARBITRARILY, I GUESS, CAN'T YOU?

YOU CAN SET IT TO WHATEVER YOU WANT.

ABSOLUTELY.

I'VE SET THIS TO 3/8ths INCH, WHICH IS SIMILAR TO THE OTHER PLANES.

OK.

SO WE'VE GOT THAT ARC THERE.

UH, AND THEN WE NEED TO SET A LINE ACROSS THE, UM... YOU WANT TO TILT THIS UP MORE VERTICAL HERE?

YEAH, LET'S PUT THIS UP VERTICALLY.

OK. ACROSS HERE.

AND THAT IS WHAT?

THAT GOES RIGHT THROUGH THE CENTER.

THAT GOES TO THE CENTER.

SO THAT POINT RIGHT THERE IS THE CENTER OF WHERE THE HINGE IS ROTATING AROUND ON THIS ARC.

AND THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE LINE ON THE BOTTOM.

AND THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE LINE RIGHT DOWN HERE AT THE BOTTOM.

SO WE'LL GO AHEAD AND CARRY THAT LINE DOWN HERE AS WELL.

SO THAT'S...ARE WE ON THE UNDERSIDE OR THE-- IT DOESN'T MATTER.

THE SAME LINE ON THE TOP AS WELL.

AND WE'RE GONNA PUT IT ON THE TOP.

OK.

SO THIS IS WHAT YOU'RE SEEING.

YOU COULD LOOK ON THIS ANCIENT OLD FURNITURE AT MESDA AND SEE WHAT LAYOUT LINES REMAINED.

DID YOU EVER FIND ANY OF THESE?

ON A COUPLE OF THEM, WE FOUND THE POINT OF A COMPASS.

AH, WHAT A TREASURE.

YEAH, AND THAT WAS REALLY INTERESTING.

WE ALWAYS FOUND THIS LINE ON THE BOTTOM SIDE.

OK. ALL RIGHT.

SO WE'VE GOT ONE LAST LINE TO LAY OUT, AND THAT IS THAT WE NEED TO LAY OUT A RABBET.

WE NEED TO CUT OUT THIS FILLET RIGHT HERE.

SO WE NEED TO LAY OUT... OH, OK, BECAUSE YOU'RE GONNA CUT THAT SQUARE FIRST.

A LINE HERE THAT HITS THE TOP OF THAT ARC.

SO THAT'S THE FIRST STUFF THAT COMES OUT RIGHT HERE.

ALL RIGHT.

AND WE'LL RUN THAT DOWN HERE REAL QUICK.

ALL RIGHT.

DOWN THE OTHER SIDE.

SO NOW WE'VE LAID OUT THE PART THAT'S GOING TO BE A RABBET.

AND THEN ONCE WE GET THE RABBET, WE'LL LAY OUT THE ROUND.

THIS IS A LOT MORE WORK.

THE SECRET OF THESE JOINTS IS LAYING OUT CAREFULLY AND CUTTING VERY CAREFULLY.

ALL RIGHT.

UM... AND I'M USING A MOVING FILLISTER-- OH, THAT'S BEAUTIFUL.

OK.

SO THIS HAS THE SKEWED IRON AND THE NICKER AND THE FENCE AND THE DEPTH STOP.

THE FENCE HERE SO WE CAN CUT IN THIS WAY AND CUT DOWN.

I'M JUST CUTTING TO THE LINES HERE.

SO I'M NOT WORRIED ABOUT THIS DEPTH STOP RIGHT HERE.

WELL, IT LOOKS LIKE YOU'RE OUT FROM THE LINES A LITTLE BIT.

YOU'RE NOT CUTTING QUITE RIGHT UP TO THEM.

I'M NOT CUTTING RIGHT UP TO THEM BECAUSE I'M GONNA MAKE THIS FINAL CUT WITH A LITTLE SHOULDER PLANE, WHICH WILL GIVE ME A REAL... HUH.

SHARP, SMOOTH SURFACE AND ALLOW ME TO BE VERY ACCURATE ABOUT WHERE...

SO YOU DON'T EVEN BOTHER WITH THE DEPTH STOP.

YOU'RE GOING BY YOUR GAUGE LINES.

EXACTLY.

THAT'S PROBABLY A GOOD RULE TO FOLLOW.

JUST GO DOWN AS FAR AS YOU DARE.

ALL RIGHT.

TAKE THIS LITTLE SHOULDER PLANE, WHICH IS A LOW-ANGLE SHOULDER PLANE.

THE SIZE OF THE PLANE IS NOT AN INDICATOR OF ITS COST.

THAT'S A VERY NICE PLANE, WITH THAT BRASS AND THE ROSEWOOD END FILL.

YEAH.

AND SO FINELY SET.

LOOK AT THE DIFFERENCE IN THE SHAVINGS THERE.

GOSH.

MAKES A NICE SMOOTH CUT THERE.

AND WE'LL COME BACK, CLEAN UP THIS RIGHT HERE.

YEAH.

GET THAT NICE AND SQUARE.

AH.

AND NOW WE'RE READY TO DO THE ROUND PART.

ALL RIGHT.

SO IF YOU MADE A LOT OF TABLES, YOU'D WANT TO INVEST... YOU'D WANT TO INVEST IN THE RIGHT TOOLS, BELIEVE ME.

ALL RIGHT.

OK.

SO NOW THE NEXT GOAL IS TO ROUND THIS OVER.

OK. AND WE'LL HAVE THAT HALF OF THE JOINT DONE.

AND LET'S JUST GRAB A PLANE HERE.

NOW, THIS IS A 90-DEGREE ARC ON THIS JOINT.

BUT THESE PLANES HERE, THESE HOLLOW ROUNDS ONLY CUT 60 DEGREES.

OH, OK. A SIXTH OF A CIRCLE, AND THAT'S A QUARTER OF A CIRCLE.

A QUARTER.

SO AS YOU WORK AROUND HERE... YOU'VE GOT TO WORK THE FULL ARC.

OK. WELL, THAT WASN'T THAT MUCH PREP THEN TO GET UP TO THAT POINT.

BUT YOU'RE HAVING TO LOOK AROUND TO SEE.

YOU'VE GOT TO CHECK THE LINES ON BOTH ENDS AND SEE THAT YOU-- AND MAKE A CONSISTENT CUT IN BETWEEN.

YEAH.

ALL RIGHT.

AND YOU HAVE TO MAKE SURE THAT YOUR ARC DOESN'T COME TOO CLOSE HERE, BECAUSE THERE'S A LITTLE FLAT RIGHT THERE THAT NEEDS TO REMAIN.

SO HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS, YOU CAN DO THE... PEOPLE ARE STILL MAKING HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS NOW.

THEY'VE KIND OF COME BACK.

SO YOU CAN GET THESE.

ALL RIGHT.

PRETTY MUCH THERE.

WOW.

THAT IS DEAD ON.

NOW, IF YOU SEE THESE THINGS-- I'VE GOT SOME SCRATCH STOCK HERE.

WOULD THAT BE A GAUGE OR AN ACTUAL CUTTING TOOL?

WELL, WE'VE GOT A GAUGE WE CAN USE TO CHECK ON PARTICULARLY A LONG BOARD.

YOU MIGHT WA TO CHECK IN THE MIDDLE PORTIONS AND MAKE SURE YOU HAVEN'T, UH... GONE OFF YOUR PROFILE.

AND IF YOU NEED TO DO ANY CLEANUP, JUST A LITTLE SCRATCH BLOCK HERE WILL ALLOW YOU TO SORT OF GET THE ROUND PORTION JUST REALLY NICE.

PRETTY NEAT.

OK.

SO NOW THAT-- COULDN'T WE GO AHEAD AND DO THE HOLLOW NOW, THE OTHER PART OF THIS WITH THE HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS?

I'VE ALREADY LAID OUT THE HOLLOW RIGHT HERE.

PRETTY MUCH IT'S THE SAME SORT OF THING.

IT'S GOT A LAND AT THE BOTTOM.

AND THAT'S GOT TO BE CUT OUT.

IT'S ANOTHER LITTLE RABBET THAT HAS TO BE CUT OUT, AND I'VE ALREADY DONE THAT.

SO YOU'VE GOT TO TAKE OUT THIS CORNER HERE, I GUESS.

BECAUSE THERE'S A FLAT RIGHT HERE IN THE END.

AND THEN WE'RE GONNA BEVEL THIS OFF AND THEN HOLLOW IT OUT.

ALL RIGHT.

SO LET ME JUST PUT THAT OVER HERE.

I'LL TRY AND CLEAR SOME OF YOUR PLANES OUT OF THE WAY.

YOU ARE THE MAN WITH A THOUSAND PLANES.

SORRY HERE.

ALL RIGHT.

OH, YOU'RE JUST STARTING WITH A JACK PLANE.

LET ME JUST SEE IF WE CAN GET DOWN HERE A LITTLE BIT.

YOU CAN DO THIS, I GUESS, WITH A CHISEL AS WELL IF YOU NEEDED TO.

YOU KNOW, I'M GONNA TRY THIS LITTLE...

THERE YOU GO.

SO YOU KNOCK OFF THE CORNER FIRST.

KNOCK OFF THE CORNER, BECAUSE IT WILL BE A LOT QUICKER TO GET DOWN THERE.

AND THEN WE'LL USE A GOUGE TO ROUND THAT OVER A LITTLE BIT.

[SQUEAKING] I'VE ALWAYS HEARD THAT-- YOU NEED SOME TALLOW ON THAT PLANE.

ABSOLUTELY.

THE ENGLISH JOINERS WOULD USE A, UH... MORE THE HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS TO DO STUFF, AND AMERICANS ARE THE JOINERS THAT WOULD GET, YOU KNOW, SPECIAL PLANES THAT WOULD DO... SPECIAL JOBS, LIKE MAKE BOTH ASPECTS OF THE WINDOW.

SO THE ENGLISH WOULD HAVE A WHOLE LOT OF VERSATILE PLANES, AND AMERICANS ARE GONNA HAVE A SPECIAL ONE FOR EACH ONE.

SO I'VE GOT A LITTLE GOUGE HERE, AN OFF-CANTLE GOUGE THAT I'LL USE TO JUST SORT OF RUN A TRACK DOWN HERE... [HAMMERING] A PLACE FOR MY...

PLANE TO RUN IN, A LITTLE, UM... HUH.

SO WHEN YOU SEE THESE GOUGES IN SOMEBODY'S TOOL CHEST, IT DOESN'T MEAN THEY WERE A CARVER NECESSARILY.

NO.

THIS WOULD BE SOMETHING THAT YOU'D USE TO START A MOLDING PROFILE JUST IN GENERAL.

OK. UH-OH.

THE GRAIN'S COMING.

THAT'S THE THING ABOUT MAHOGANY, IS THAT IT'S, UM...

THE GRAIN CAN CHANGE ON YOU MISERABLY.

THAT LITTLE BIT OF GRAIN RIGHT THERE, BECAUSE I THINK YOU'RE GONNA COME FROM THE OTHER DIRECTION.

SO THAT WILL BE YOUR FRIEND WHEN YOU GET TO THE MOLDING HERE.

SO WE'LL GO AHEAD AND PUT THIS IN THE...

THERE WE GO.

I'VE ALREADY GOT THE SCRIBE LINE LAID OUT HERE SO YOU CAN SEE WHERE I'M CUTTING DOWN TO.

NOW, I SEE THAT GRAIN.

THIS IS GONNA BE-- WE'RE ALL GONNA WATCH AND SEE WHAT THAT GRAIN DOES TO YOU.

ALL RIGHT.

NOW, I KNOW IT WILL MAKE A-- YOU'VE SEEN THE SET OF HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS.

THESE HAVE SQUARE CROSS IRONS THAT YOU HAVE RIGHT HERE, AND THEY'RE VERY SHARP.

SO THEY'LL DO IT.

BUT I KNOW I'VE GOT-- OCCASIONALLY YOU'LL FIND A SET OF HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS WITH SKEWED IRONS.

YEAH.

A LITTLE BIT BETTER.

AT A DIAGONAL, AND THAT MAKES-- THAT'S BETTER WHEN THE GRAIN IS CONTRARY LIKE THIS.

ONE THING ABOUT USING HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS IS YOU'VE GOT TO USE YOUR FINGERS AS A FENCE AND TO JUDGE THE CONTROL OF THE PLANE HERE.

SO WE HAVE TO CREEP FROM THIS ANGLE HERE DOWN TO THIS ANGLE HERE TO GET THE FULL ARC OF THE CURVE.

BUT, BOY, THAT'S THE LESSON, THOUGH.

YOU CAN DO LOTS OF THINGS WITH THIS ROUND OR IN THE HOLLOW, UH, A LOT OF VERSATILE THINGS, BUT IT TAKES MUCH MORE CONTROL FROM YOU... YEAH.

TO DO IT, SO, YOU KNOW, WITH VERSATILITY YOU HAVE TO HAVE PERSONAL INVOLVEMENT.

ALL RIGHT.

SO IS THAT READY TO GO?

WE'VE GOT ONE HERE THAT WE'VE FINISHED OUT.

WE CAN, UH... LET'S SEE.

HAVE YOU GOT THE ONE THAT HAS THE ROUND ON IT THAT YOU JUST CUT?

WE COULD SEE THAT ONE HERE.

THERE IT IS RIGHT HERE.

OK.

SO WE'RE GONNA SEE.

SO THAT'S A HOLLOW.

HERE'S THE ROUND.

ALL RIGHT.

AND THERE'S THE ROUND THAT GOES IN THERE.

SO THIS WOULD BE-- LET'S SEE.

WE'RE UPSIDE-DOWN.

WE WERE UNDER THE TABLE AGAIN.

SO THE LEAF IS TOWARDS ME, AND THAT WILL HINGE DOWN.

THIS WAS ALL DONE WITH THE HOLLOWS AND ROUNDS.

EXACTLY.

YEAH.

NOW, THIS IS NO GOOD AT ALL TO US, BILL, THOUGH.

WE'VE GOT TO HAVE A HINGE.

NEED SOMETHING TO HOLD THOSE TWO PIECES OF WOOD TOGETHER.

CAN'T STAND THERE ALL DAY DOING THAT, NO.

THIS WOULD BE MY JOB.

I AM THE PERSON WHO HOLDS THE LEAF OF THE TABLE.

SO LET'S LAY THAT OUT NOW.

AND I GUESS THAT'S WHERE THAT LINE ON THE BOTTOM THAT WE SAW ON THE UNDERSIDE OF THAT TABLE COMES FROM.

NO MATTER HOW YOU CUT THIS JOINT, YOU NEED TO HAVE THESE, UH...

THIS LINE ON THE UNDERSIDE HERE.

WE'LL GO AHEAD AND USE-- WHAT ARE YOU LOOKING FOR?

WE'LL USE THIS ONE RIGHT HERE.

WE'VE GOT THE ROUND CUT ON IT.

OK. AND SO WE'LL JUST GO AHEAD AND... WHACK THAT RIGHT THERE.

WHICH HINGE ARE YOU GONNA SET?

AND WE'LL USE THIS HINGE RIGHT HERE.

THE IRON ONE, PETER'S.

OK.

SO WE NEED TO LINE UP THE HINGE RIGHT ON THAT CENTERLINE.

UH-HUH.

AND BASICALLY I DO THAT BY EYE, AND IF I HAD A PENCIL LAYING AROUND HERE... WELL, I'LL HELP YOU FIND ONE HERE, IF I CAN.

HERE IT IS.

ALL RIGHT.

SO WE'LL JUST LINE IT UP, AND THEN WE HAVE TO MARK EITHER SIDE OF THE, UH... BEVEL HERE TO GET AN IDEA OF, UM, HOW WIDE THE BARREL IS.

OK.

I'M GONNA GO AHEAD AND MARK THAT REAL QUICK.

I LIKE TO MAKE THOSE LINES PLENTY LONG BECAUSE ONCE I START KNOCKING OUT THIS BARREL MORTISE, I WANT TO HAVE THE TWO LINES LEFT OVER THERE TO MAKE SURE THAT WE'RE, UM... ALL RIGHT.

NOW, THAT'S THE WIDTH OF THE HINGE.

ALL RIGHT.

I HAVE A STRIKING KNIFE, ALSO MADE BY PETER ROSS.

ALL RIGHT.

WELL, AREN'T YOU SOMETHING?

YES.

HA HA HA!

VERY TRADITIONAL KNIFE.

SO WE'LL JUST...MAKE A LITTLE MARK THERE.

YEAH.

AND WE'LL MAKE A LITTLE MARK THERE.

SO THAT'S DELINEATING THE WIDTH.

SO NOW--SO THE FIRST THING WE'RE GONNA DO IS WE'RE GONNA CUT OUT THE BARREL FOR THE HINGE.

THE HINGE CAN DROP IN THERE, AND THEN WE'LL MARK OUT THE REST OF THE LEAF.

YOU'RE STARTING THE COUNTERSINKING HERE.

EXACTLY.

ALL RIGHT.

SO WE'LL START OUT.

AND YOU KNOW, SOME OF THESE TABLES I LOOKED AT, UM... PEOPLE DIDN'T EVEN MESS WITH THIS RIGHT HERE.

THEY JUST TOOK A GOUGE, STARTED ABOUT AN INCH OVER HERE, AND JUST WENT STRAIGHT ON THROUGH.

DIDN'T EVEN DO A STOPPING CUT?

NO, BUT I LIKE TO DO IT THIS WAY.

OK. WELL, I KNOW-- SO JUST TAKE THIS OUT.

AND YOU NOTICE, THE TOOL I'M USING HERE IS A NUMBER-11 SWEEP, QUARTER-INCH OR 5/16ths TO MATCH THE DIAMETER OF THE BARREL.

WELL, HOW DO YOU KNOW THAT?

BECAUSE I KNOW AT MESDA, THEY WOULDN'T LET YOU TAKE THE HINGES OFF OF THE FURNITURE.

NO, THEY WOULDN'T LET US DO THAT.

IT WOULD BE NICE, BUT, UM... COULD YOU TELL, THOUGH, WHAT WAS-- YOU CAN, UH... WELL, SOMETIMES, YOU COULD SEE THE GOUGE MARKS ON YOUR TWO ENDS OF THE MORTISE.

AND THAT'LL TELL YOU A LITTLE BIT.

AND YOU KNOW...

I DON'T KNOW.

I THINK IT MAKES A LOT OF SENSE TO CUT THIS WITH A...A... A ROUND TOOL LIKE THIS.

IF YOU CUT IT WITH A SQUARE TOOL... YOU'RE GONNA WEAKEN THAT.

OK. YOU'RE GONNA IMPINGE IN THERE.

IT MIGHT CUT THROUGH.

ALL RIGHT.

AND YOU KNOW, I WOULD SAY ABOUT A QUARTER OF THOSE TABLES I LOOKED AT HAD REPAIRS TO THE, UM... DROP-LEAF JOINT THERE OVER THE YEARS.

SO THERE'S A LITTLE BIT OF WEAKNESS THERE THAT YOU HAVE TO DEAL WITH.

HA HA HA!

THERE'S NO WAY AROUND THAT.

ALL RIGHT.

SO NOW THERE'S YOUR HINGE.

LET'S SEE HOW THAT-- AND AGAIN, THE SHORT SIDE GOES TO THE MAIN PART OF THE TABLE.

WELL, MAKE SURE THAT THIS-- I'M SORRY.

I'M SORRY.

WELL, MAKE SURE THIS HINGE IS IN THERE AND THAT IT'S NICE AND SQUARE TO THE WORK.

ALL RIGHT.

AND THEN WE'LL GO AHEAD AND SCRIBE IN.

AND NOW, THE OTHER THING I SAW THAT SORT OF CHANGED MY MIND ABOUT HOW I CUT, UM, THE LEAF MORTISE WAS THAT EVERY SINGLE TABLE HAD THE SHOULDERS SAWN RATHER THAN CHOPPED IN.

AND THEY ACTUALLY SAWED THEM, UM... ABOUT TWICE AS LONG AS THE... WE'RE GONNA MAKE ONE MORE MARK HERE.

WE'RE GONNA SET OUR GAUGE TO THE THICKNESS OF THE LEAF HERE AND MARK THAT MARK RIGHT DOWN HERE.

SO SAW THE PROFILE?

SO WE KNOW HOW FAR DOWN TO GO.

AND THEY ACTUALLY SAW THESE TWO SHOULDERS ABOUT TWICE AS LONG... OH, THAT MUST DRIVE YOU CRAZY, BECAUSE YOU'VE GOT MARKS GOING OUTSIDE WHERE THEY ACTUALLY NEED THEM.

BUT THAT'S EXPEDITIOUS THERE.

IT'S A VERY PRAGMATIC APPROACH, BECAUSE THESE LEAVES ARE TAPERED, AND SO THIS SAW CUT IS TAPERED AS WELL.

AND THIS ALLOWS YOU TO COME IN HERE.

NOW, ONCE WE'VE GOT THAT BARREL MORTISE CUT, WE'RE GONNA HAVE TO COME AND DEEPEN IT OUT JUST A LITTLE BIT LATER.

WE CAN CHOP THIS OUT.

WE CAN WHACK THIS THING.

PUSHING IN FROM THE SIDE.

THIS WOULD SHOW IF YOU OPENED THE LEAF TOO MUCH.

LET'S WHACK THIS AND TURN THIS AROUND AND... ALL RIGHT.

TAPER OUT THE REST OF THIS.

WELL, THIS ANSWERS...

SO THIS CUT HERE... A LOT OF QUESTIONS ABOUT THE TOOLS I'VE SEEN IN OLD TOOL CHESTS.

HERE YOU THINK, WELL, GOSH, WHY DID THIS GUY DO CARVING?

AND I'M SEEING THAT THE CARVING THAT THE GUYS NEEDED TO DO MIGHT HAVE JUST BEEN FOR, YOU KNOW, DOING THESE MECHANICAL JOINTS.

ALL RIGHT.

LET'S SEE HOW THAT WOULD FIT IN THERE NOW, BILL.

ALL RIGHT.

BECAUSE I WANT TO TAKE A LOOK AT THIS FINISH-- OH, LET'S SEE.

BUT IT GOES THIS WAY.

THAT GOES THAT WAY.

SO WE'VE GOT TO DO A LITTLE MORE WORK, BRING DOWN THE LEAF MORTISE A LITTLE BIT AND DEEPEN OUT THE BARREL MORTISE A LITTLE BIT UNTIL IT'S FLUSH.

IT'S IMPORTANT THAT IT'S FLUSH, BECAUSE IF IT'S NOT, THE HINGE WILL ROTATE IN A FUNNY MANNER.

ALL RIGHT.

BUT THIS IS IT.

THIS IS THE DROP LEAF FROM THE UNDERSIDE OF THE TABLE WE'VE BEEN STUDYING.

THERE'S THAT MAGIC LINE.

EVERYTHING RIGHT ON THE CENTER SO THAT IT ROTATES PERFECTLY AS THAT DROP LEAF GOES DOWN.

AND OF COURSE, IF YOU OFFSET THAT A LITTLE BIT TOO MUCH ONE WAY, IT'S GONNA RUB AT THE TOP OR RUB AT THE BOTTOM, BUT THE MAIN CONCLUSION WE HAVE, BILL, IS HOWEVER THAT TABLE JOINTS... RULE.

TABLE JOINTS RULE.

ALL RIGHT.

SO WE'LL SEE YOU UNDER THE TABLE.

THIS IS ROY UNDERHILL HERE WITH MY GUEST BILL ANDERSON.

WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME.

SO LONG.

LEARN MORE ABOUT "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" AND TRADITIONAL WOODWORKING ON OUR WEBSITE.

YOU CAN FIND US ONLINE AT pbs.org.

CAPTIONING MADE POSSIBLE BY FRIENDS OF NCI MAJOR FUNDING FOR "THE WOODWRIGHT'S SHOP" IS PROVIDED BY... [THUNDER] [CAR ALARM BLARING] WHEN THE UNEXPECTED HAPPENS, STATE FARM HAS THE TOOLS TO GET YOU TO A BETTER STATE.

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ROY UNDERHILL IS THE AUTHOR OF "THE WOODWRIGHT'S GUIDE: WORKING WOOD WITH WEDGE AND EDGE," AS WELL AS OTHER BOOKS ON TRADITIONAL WOODWORKING, ALL PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS AND AVAILABLE AT BOOKSTORES AND LIBRARIES.