Season 8, Episode 4

WHAT DOES THIS LETTER REVEAL ABOUT AMERICA'S EARLY EFFORTS TO HONOR ITS WAR DEAD?

THEY WERE BEING DIRECTLY BOMBARDED BY ARTILLERY IN THIS LITTLE HOSPITAL.

Elyse: HOW WAS THIS WOODEN FRAGMENT CONNECTED TO ONE OF THE MOST CELEBRATED POLITICAL PROTESTS OF THE 19th CENTURY?

Gwendolyn: AND WHAT DOES THIS LITTLE BLACK BOOK REVEAL ABOUT SPYING ON THE HOME FRONT DURING WORLD WAR I?

HE MIGHT BE ON TO A MAJOR THREAT.

Elvis Costello: ♪ WATCHIN' THE DETECTIVES♪ ♪ I GET SO ANGRY WHEN THE TEARDROPS START♪ ♪ BUT HE CAN'T BE WOUNDED 'CAUSE HE'S GOT NO HEART♪ ♪ WATCHIN' THE DETECTIVES♪ ♪ IT'S JUST LIKE WATCHIN' THE DETECTIVES♪ ♪ WATCHIN' THE DETECTIVES♪ Eduardo: OUR FIRST CASE ASKS HOW THIS LETTER MIGHT BE CONNECTED TO AMERICA'S EARLY EFFORTS TO HONOR ITS WAR DEAD.

1864: FOR THREE GRIM YEARS, CONFEDERATE AND UNION FORCES HAVE CLASHED ON THE BATTLEFIELD.

TROOPS ARE CONSTANTLY ON THE MOVE, AND COMMUNICATIONS ARE CHAOTIC.

WITH CASUALTIES IN THE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS, ACCURATE RECORDS OF BATTLEFIELD DEAD AND INJURED ARE VIRTUALLY NONEXISTENT.

HOW CAN WORRIED FAMILY MEMBERS LEARN THE FATE OF MISSING LOVED ONES?

ARE THEY DEAD, INJURED, OR SNARED IN A PRISONER-OF-WAR CAMP?

NOW, ALMOST 150 YEARS AFTER THE WAR'S END, BILL KRUCZEK FROM OSCEOLA, INDIANA, HOLDS A LETTER ABOUT ONE SUCH SOLDIER, AND IT APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN WRITTEN BY CLARA BARTON, FOUNDER OF THE AMERICAN RED CROSS.

I THINK IT COULD BE A VERY IMPORTANT PIECE OF CIVIL WAR HISTORY.

I'M EDUARDO PAGAN, AND I'M MEETING BILL KRUCZEK TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS LETTER.

COME ON INSIDE.

THANK YOU.

WHERE DID YOU GET THE LETTER FROM?

I WAS AT AN ESTATE SALE IN HUMMELSTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA.

I BOUGHT A BOX FULL OF BOOKS.

SOME OF THE BOOKS WERE WATER-DAMAGED, SO I STARTED TO THROW THEM AWAY, AND AS I WAS THROWING THEM AWAY, I CAME ACROSS THIS LETTER.

AT FIRST, BILL DIDN'T RECOGNIZE CLARA BARTON'S NAME.

IT WAS THE CONTENTS OF THE LETTER THAT HE FOUND INTRIGUING.

THE LETTER TALKS ABOUT A SOLDIER WHO DIED... FOR BILL, THE FATE OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS IS PERSONAL.

HE IS A FORMER MARINE.

HIS SON IS A CADET AT THE AIR FORCE ACADEMY.

HE ALSO HAS AN ANCESTOR WHO DIED AT THE NOTORIOUS CONFEDERATE PRISON CAMP IN ANDERSONVILLE, GEORGIA.

WHILE I WAS READING ABOUT ANDERSONVILLE, I CAME ACROSS THE NAME CLARA BARTON SEVERAL TIMES.

I WAS WONDERING, IS IT THE SAME CLARA BARTON WHO SIGNED THIS LETTER?

WHAT QUESTIONS CAN I PURSUE FOR YOU?

WELL, I'D LIKE TO KNOW IF YOU COULD TELL ME A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT THE MEN THAT THE LETTER IS WRITTEN ABOUT, AND IF THIS LETTER WAS WRITTEN AND SIGNED BY CLARA BARTON, THE FOUNDER OF THE AMERICAN RED CROSS.

THIS LETTER APPEAR TO BE QUITE OLD, AND IT'S IN FRAGILE CONDITION.

"OFFICE OF CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE FRIENDS OF THE MISSING MEN "OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY, WASHINGTON, D.C., JULY 30, 1866."

WE KNOW THAT THAT WAS IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR.

"I AM IN RECEIPT OF COMMUNICATION "FROM THE ADJUTANT GENERAL OF PENNSYLVANIA, "WHICH SAYS ISRAEL BROWN, COMPANY C, 184th PENNSYLVANIA, DIED NOVEMBER 10, 1864, AT FLORENCE, SOUTH CAROLINA."

AND IT DOESN'T SAY HOW HE DIED.

THE LETTER FINISHES OFF, "I AM VERY TRULY YOURS, CLARA BARTON."

NOW, LOOKING AT THE ENVELOPE, IT LOOKS EQUALLY OLD, BUT VERY CLEARLY IN A PRE-PRINTED FORM IT SAYS IN THE UPPER LEFT "CLARA BARTON, GENERAL CORRESPONDENT."

AND THEN IN HANDWRITING IT IS ADDRESSED TO J. BLAIR WELCH, BURNT CABINS, PENNSYLVANIA.

I'D LIKE TO KNOW HOW THIS UNION SOLDIER DIED.

BUT FIRST, I NEED TO FIGURE OUT IF CLARA BARTON WROTE THIS LETTER.

HI, ELIZABETH.

ELIZABETH BROWN PRYOR IS THE AUTHOR OF THE BOOK CLARA BARTON, PROFESSIONAL ANGEL.

SHE ASKS ME TO MEET HER IN WASHINGTON, D.C., AT THE ORIGINAL SITE OF THE FRIENDS OF THE MISSING MEN OFFICE, THE SAME OFFICE LISTED IN OUR LETTER.

IT WAS ALSO CLARA BARTON'S BOARDING-HOUSE ROOM.

ELIZABETH, DO YOU THINK IT'S POSSIBLE THAT THIS LETTER WAS PRODUCED HERE IN CLARA BARTON'S OFFICE?

WELL, IT'S CERTAINLY ON THE STATIONERY, THE FORM LETTER THAT THEY USED FROM THIS OFFICE.

NOW, I SUSPECT YOU'VE SEEN CLARA BARTON'S SIGNATURE MANY, MANY TIMES.

MANY TIMES.

WHAT DO YOU THINK, DID SHE SIGN THIS LETTER?

WELL, I'M NOT A HANDWRITING EXPERT, BUT CLARA BARTON HAD A VERY DISTINCTIVE AUTOGRAPH.

ELIZABETH SHOWS ME A LETTER WITH AN AUTHENTICATED CLARA BARTON SIGNATURE, AND THE DIFFERENCES ARE UNMISTAKABLE.

NOW, THAT IS A DIFFERENT SIGNATURE.

IT'S MUCH MORE CONSTRAINED, ISN'T IT?

AND IT'S REALLY QUITE DISTINCTIVE.

AND HER SIGNATURE DOESN'T CHANGE THROUGHOUT HER LIFE.

CLARA BARTON PROBABLY DIDN'T SIGN THIS LETTER, BUT SOMEBODY WITH HER BLESSING HAD SIGNED ON HER BEHALF.

WHAT EXACTLY WAS THE PURPOSE OF THIS OFFICE?

WELL, THE PURPOSE OF THE OFFICE WAS, IN ESSENCE, TO TRY TO PIECE TOGETHER INFORMATION ABOUT THOSE WHO WERE LISTED AS MISSING DURING THE CIVIL WAR, OF WHICH THERE WERE TENS AND TENS OF THOUSANDS, IF NOT HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS.

ELIZABETH EXPLAINS HOW THE MASSACHUSETTS-BORN CLARA BARTON FOUNDED THE RED CROSS IN 1881.

BUT HER MOTIVATION AND REPUTATION HAD BEEN DRAWN FROM HER EXPERIENCES IN WASHINGTON DURING THE CIVIL WAR, MORE THAN A DECADE EARLIER.

WHEN THE WAR BROKE OUT, LINCOLN CALLED FOR VOLUNTEERS TO DEFEND THE CITY, AND SOME OF THE FIRST THAT ARRIVED CAME FROM MASSACHUSETTS.

CLARA HAD STARTED HER CAREER AS A TEACHER IN MASSACHUSETTS.

AND A LOT OF HER PUPILS WERE IN THAT REGIMENT.

AND SHE WENT UP THERE TO VISIT THEM AND FOUND OUT THAT THEY HAD VERY FEW OF THE BASIC NECESSITIES THEY NEEDED.

THEY DIDN'T HAVE SOCKS, THEY DIDN'T HAVE FOOD.

THE UNION ARMY REALLY WAS TOTALLY UNPREPARED, CERTAINLY AT THAT STAGE.

SHE JUST TOOK IT UPON HERSELF TO SAY, "I'M GOING TO CLOSE THE GAP."

SO SHE STARTED COLLECTING SUPPLIES AND DISTRIBUTING THEM.

CLARA THEN TENDED TO THE WOUNDED DURING SOME OF THE WORST FIGHTING OF THE WAR.

AT ONE POINT AT THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM, WHEN SHE OFFERED TO HELP A SURGEON WHO WAS AMPUTATING LIMBS AND THEY HAD RUN OUT OF BANDAGES, THEY WERE TYING THEM UP WITH GREEN CORN LEAVES, HE SAID, "DO YOU THINK YOU CAN STAND IT?"

BECAUSE ALL OF HIS ASSISTANTS HAD RUN AWAY AT THAT POINT.

AND SHE SAID, "IF YOU CAN STAND IT, I CAN STAND IT."

AND THEY WERE BEING DIRECTLY BOMBARDED BY ARTILLERY IN THIS LITTLE HOSPITAL AT THAT POINT IN TIME, SO SHE WAS QUITE REMARKABLY COURAGEOUS.

WELL, THEN HOW DID SHE GO FROM THE BATTLEFIELD TO THIS OFFICE?

SHE SAW THAT DYING SOLDIERS WERE VERY NERVOUS ABOUT THE FACT THAT THEY MIGHT DIE IN OBSCURITY, THAT THEIR FAMILY WOULDN'T KNOW WHAT HAPPENED TO THEM, AND SO HER NOTEBOOKS ARE FILLED WITH THESE LITTLE JOTTINGS OF NAMES AND ADDRESSES TO TELL PEOPLE WHAT HAD HAPPENED, WHAT THE FATE OF THIS SOLDIER WAS.

PRESIDENT LINCOLN ORDERED THE ARMY TO HELP CLARA, AND THE FRIENDS OF THE MISSING MEN OFFICE BECAME A CLEARINGHOUSE, CONNECTING FAMILY MEMBERS WITH INFORMATION ABOUT THEIR LOVED ONES.

HOW DID SHE ACQUIRE INFORMATION TO RESPOND TO THE LETTERS THAT SHE RECEIVED?

SHE WOULD PUT TOGETHER THESE VERY LONG LISTS OF NAMES AND HAVE THEM PRINTED IN THE NEWSPAPER, HAVE THEM PUT UP IN POST OFFICES IN HOPES THAT SOMEBODY WOULD COME BACK TO HER WITH INFORMATION.

SHE WAS RECEIVING ABOUT 150 LETTERS A DAY, 63,000 SHE CLAIMS BY THE END OF THE TIME THAT SHE WAS WORKING HERE.

ELIZABETH EXPLAINS HOW CLARA HAD GOTTEN CRUCIAL AND EARLY HELP IN HER CAREER FROM A YOUNG SOLDIER, DORRANCE ATWATER, WHO HAD FIRSTHAND EXPERIENCE OF ONE OF THE MOST HORRIFIC PRISON CAMPS OF THE ENTIRE CIVIL WAR.

DORRANCE ATWATER HAD BEEN TAKEN PRISONER QUITE EARLY ON AND HAD BEEN SENT TO ANDERSONVILLE, WHERE HE HAD BEEN ASSIGNED TO COPY THE DEATH ROLLS THERE.

AND AS HE SAW WHAT THE LEVEL OF ATROCITY WAS AT ANDERSONVILLE, HE MADE AN EXTRA COPY EVERY DAY AND HE HID IT IN THE LINING OF HIS COAT.

AND WHEN HE WAS FINALLY RELEASED IN 1865, HE TOOK THIS COPY OF THE DEATH ROLL, WHICH HAD 13,000 NAMES ON IT.

I'M TRYING TO WRAP MY MIND AROUND THAT FIGURE.

13,000 DEATHS.

13,000 DEATHS.

SO WHEN CLARA BARTON SAW THIS, SHE RECOGNIZED ITS SIGNIFICANCE ON MANY LEVELS.

WHAT ABOUT THE MEN MENTIONED IN THIS LETTER, ISRAEL BROWN AND J. BLAIR WELCH?

THE OWNER WANTED TO FIND OUT SOMETHING ABOUT THEM.

WELL, I COULDN'T TELL YOU EXACTLY WHO THEY WERE, BUT IT WOULD SEEM TO ME THE PERSON THAT THE LETTER IS BEING SENT TO, J. BLAIR WELCH, IS SOMEBODY WHO'S INQUIRED ABOUT ISRAEL BROWN.

WHO WAS THIS SOLDIER, AND HOW DID HE DIE?

WELL, HERE I SEE THAT THE 184th REGIMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA WAS INVOLVED IN SOME MAJOR CAMPAIGNS.

BUT THESE WERE ALL FOUGHT ON VIRGINIA SOIL, AND WE KNOW THAT ISRAEL BROWN DIED IN FLORENCE, SOUTH CAROLINA.

HAD ISRAEL BROWN BEEN CAPTURED ELSEWHERE AND PERHAPS HELD AS A PRISONER OF WAR?

HERE'S A LIST OF ANDERSONVILLE PRISON RECORDS, AND IF I TYPE IN ISRAEL BROWN'S NAME, IT SAYS THAT HE WAS HELD AT ANDERSONVILLE AND SURVIVED.

AND THIS IS INTERESTING, TOO: IT SEEMS THAT IN 1864, CONFEDERATE OFFICIALS DISPERSED THOUSANDS OF THE ANDERSONVILLE PRISONERS TO CAMPS THROUGHOUT THE SOUTH, AND ONE OF THESE LOCATIONS WAS FLORENCE, SOUTH CAROLINA.

DID ISRAEL BROWN DIE AT THAT CAMP?

I WANT TO CONFIRM THAT.

BUT FIRST, EXACTLY WHO WAS CLARA BARTON WRITING TO IN BURNT CABINS, PENNSYLVANIA?

I'M MEETING LOCAL HISTORIAN KEN KEEBAUGH IN BURNT CABINS, THE HOME OF J. BLAIR WELCH.

I LOVE THIS PLACE.

IT HAS A GREAT HISTORIC FEEL TO IT.

YEAH, I LOVE IT HERE, TOO.

MY FAMILY'S LIVED IN THIS AREA SINCE ABOUT 1773.

CAN YOU TELL ME ANYTHING ABOUT THESE MEN, ISRAEL BROWN AND J. BLAIR WELCH?

WE'RE STANDING RIGHT IN FRONT OF J. BLAIR WELCH'S STORE RIGHT NOW.

IT WAS A DRY GOODS STORE, AND IT DATES BACK TO THE 1850s.

I HAVE SOMETHING HERE I WANT TO SHOW YOU.

THIS IS AN ATLAS OF BURNT CABINS DURING THE 1800s, AND YOU CAN SEE HERE WHERE THE BROWN FAMILY LIVED, AND OVER HERE YOU CAN SEE WHERE THE WELCH FAMILY HAD THEIR STORE.

SO THEY WERE NEIGHBORS.

YES, THERE WAS ONLY ABOUT FIVE DOORS BETWEEN THEM, AND IN A SMALL COMMUNITY, EVERYONE KNEW ONE ANOTHER.

CAN YOU TELL ME ANYTHING ABOUT ISRAEL BROWN?

YES, ISRAEL BROWN WAS ABOUT 38 YEARS OLD NEAR THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR IN 1864.

HE WAS A FATHER OF SIX CHILDREN, THREE OF WHOM DIED IN ONE MONTH ABOUT A YEAR BEFORE HE ENLISTED.

OH, THAT MUST HAVE BEEN A VERY DIFFICULT TIME IN HIS LIFE.

YES, A LOT OF CHILDREN IN THIS AREA DIED OF DIPHTHERIA DURING THAT TIME PERIOD.

KEN HAS MADE AN ADDITIONAL DISCOVERY... HAVE A SEAT, PLEASE.

THANK YOU.

WHICH HE OFFERS TO SHOW ME AT THE FULTON COUNTY LIBRARY.

THIS IS THE DAILY EVENING BULLETIN FROM PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, DATED JUNE 1, 1866, AND HERE IS A LIST OF MISSING SOLDIERS.

"THE MISSING" BY CLARA BARTON.

"EACH NAME HERE ENROLLED IS TAKEN "FROM THE LETTER OF SOME RELATIVE OR FRIEND "WHO HAVE WRITTEN TO ME ASKING MY AID IN THEIR PAINFUL SEARCH; "AND IN THEIR BEHALF I APPEAL TO YOU "TO GIVE SUCH FACTS RELATIVE TO THE FATE OF THESE MEN AS YOU MAY RECOLLECT OR CAN ASCERTAIN."

AND THEY'RE A LIST OF NAMES.

AND THERE HE IS, ISRAEL BROWN, 184th REGIMENT.

SO CLARA BARTON MUST HAVE ADDED HIS NAME TO THIS LIST AFTER SHE RECEIVED THE LETTER FROM J. BLAIR WELCH.

ISRAEL BROWN HAD ONLY BEEN IN THE ARMY FOR SIX MONTHS BEFORE DYING.

MARK BUYCK IS CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF THE FRIENDS OF THE FLORENCE STOCKADE IN FLORENCE, SOUTH CAROLINA.

HELLO, EDUARDO, WELCOME TO FLORENCE.

THANK YOU; IT'S NICE TO MEET YOU.

NOW, WE KNOW THAT ISRAEL BROWN MUSTERED INTO THE 184th PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENT, WE KNOW THAT HE WAS A PRISONER OF WAR IN ANDERSONVILLE PRISON, BUT THAT HE DIED IN FLORENCE, SOUTH CAROLINA.

CAN YOU TELL ME HOW THAT MIGHT'VE HAPPENED?

THE CONFEDERATE PRISON OFFICIALS AT ANDERSONVILLE REALIZED THAT IF SHERMAN SHOULD CAPTURE ATLANTA, THAT THERE WERE THESE 35,000 MEN THERE THAT COULD POTENTIALLY BE RE-ARMED AND FIGHT AGAINST THE SOUTH, SO THEY DEVELOPED THIS PLAN TO BUILD ADDITIONAL PRISONS.

ONE WAS RIGHT HERE IN FLORENCE.

MARK WALKS ME TO A PEACEFUL SPOT WHERE THE GRIM PRISON ONCE STOOD.

WHAT WAS IT LIKE HERE?

IT WAS A 23.5-ACRE ENCLOSURE THAT HELD BETWEEN 15,000 AND 18,000 MEN.

EIGHTEEN THOUSAND MEN RIGHT HERE?

RIGHT HERE.

THERE WAS VERY LITTLE IN THE WAY OF SANITATION.

SHELTER WAS IMPROVISED.

PRISONERS WOULD BUILD WHAT THEY CALLED SHEBANGS.

THEY WOULD DIG A HOLE MAYBE TWO, THREE, FOUR FEET DEEP, FIND WHATEVER KIND OF CLOTH OR MAYBE PINE BOUGHS THAT THEY COULD STRETCH OVER THE TOP, AND THERE WOULD BE FOUR OR FIVE MEN THAT WOULD LIVE IN THESE HOLES.

IT SOUNDS THAT, AT BEST, CONDITIONS WERE HORRIBLE.

2,800 UNION TROOPS DIED HERE IN THE APPROXIMATELY FOUR OR FIVE MONTHS THAT THE STOCKADE WAS IN OPERATION.

MOST OF THEM WERE BURIED IN WHAT IS NOW THE FLORENCE NATIONAL CEMETERY.

I'D LIKE TO SEE THAT, THANK YOU.

LET'S GO LOOK.

I SEE ROW AFTER ROW AFTER ROW OF UNKNOWN SOLDIERS BURIED HERE.

MANY OF THEM HAVE OVER 100 SOLDIERS IN EACH ROW.

THERE ARE 16 TRENCHES, EACH ONE CONTAINING OVER 100 MEN, AND THEY WOULD BE PLACED SIDE BY SIDE IN THESE TRENCHES AND THEN THE REMAINS COVERED.

HAD ISRAEL BROWN BEEN BURIED HERE?

I HAVE A RECORD HERE FROM A DOCUMENT FOUND IN THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES.

IT'S TIME TO REPORT BACK TO BILL.

AND AFTER LOOKING AT MANY, MANY DOCUMENTS, I AM CONFIDENT THAT THIS LETTER CAME OUT OF CLARA BARTON'S OFFICE FOR THE FRIENDS OF THE MISSING MEN OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY.

WOW.

THE LETTER WAS LIKELY SIGNED ON BEHALF OF BARTON, BUT IT HAD COMPELLED ME TO LEARN MORE ABOUT ISRAEL BROWN AND J. BLAIR WELCH.

WE KNOW THAT THEY WERE NEIGHBORS.

ISRAEL BROWN ENLISTED IN THE ARMY IN MAY OF 1864, AND SIX MONTHS LATER, HE HAD DIED IN FLORENCE, SOUTH CAROLINA.

WE DON'T KNOW THE EXACT BATTLE THAT RESULTED IN HIS CAPTURE, BUT THERE'S ONE THING THAT WE DO KNOW FOR SURE.

IT'S A ROLL OF FEDERAL DEATHS AT SAVANNAH, GEORGIA, AND FLORENCE, SOUTH CAROLINA, DURING OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER OF 1864.

THERE IS AN ISRAEL BROWN, COMPANY C, 184th PENNSYLVANIA INFANTRY, WHO DIED IN FLORENCE, SOUTH CAROLINA, ON NOVEMBER 10, 1864.

SO YOU THINK IT'S POSSIBLE THAT HE COULD BE BURIED HERE?

I BELIEVE HE IS BURIED HERE.

THROUGH THE EFFORTS OF CLARA BARTON AND HER OFFICE, THE BROWN FAMILY AND ISRAEL BROWN'S FRIENDS WERE ABLE TO SECURE SOME CLOSURE AND KNOW THAT HE IN FACT HAD DIED IN FLORENCE, SOUTH CAROLINA.

I TELL BILL THAT OUR BEST ASSUMPTION IS THAT IN SUCH A SMALL TOWN AS BURNT CABINS, WELCH SURELY PASSED NEWS OF BROWN'S DEATH ON TO HIS FAMILY.

YOUR LETTER REPRESENTS THE EFFORTS OF PEOPLE LIKE CLARA BARTON, WHO WORKED TO BRING CLOSURE TO THE FAMILIES OF THOSE WHO HAD SERVED ON BEHALF OF OUR NATION.

BUT IT ALSO REMINDS US OF THE HORRIBLE AND DEVASTATING COSTS THAT THAT WAR HAD, WHERE THERE ARE STILL THOUSANDS WHO REMAIN MISSING.

I'M A LITTLE OVERWHELMED, I MEAN, TO THINK THAT THIS LETTER, WRITTEN 147 YEARS AGO, HAS SURVIVED AND THIS SOLDIER IS STILL BEING REMEMBERED EVEN TODAY.

AFTER FOUR TIRELESS YEARS AT THE FRIENDS OF THE MISSING MEN OFFICE, DOCTORS PERSUADED CLARA BARTON TO TAKE A REST.

SHE LEFT FOR EUROPE BUT DIDN'T REST.

INSTEAD, BARTON OFFERED HER SERVICES TO THE INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS, A RELIEF ORGANIZATION FOUNDED JUST SEVEN YEARS EARLIER.

AFTER CARING FOR THE WOUNDED DURING THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR, SHE RETURNED TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1873.

ON MAY 21, 1881, BARTON HELD THE FIRST MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF THE RED CROSS AT HER APARTMENT ON I STREET IN WASHINGTON, D.C. BARTON CONTINUED HER WORK AS A PROFESSIONAL ANGEL UNTIL HER DEATH AT THE AGE OF 90 IN 1912.

IN SPITE OF CLARA BARTON'S EFFORTS, FEWER THAN 60% OF THE CIVIL WAR DEAD WERE IDENTIFIED.

THE REMAINS OF THOUSANDS OF SOLDIERS ARE INTERRED IN UNMARKED GRAVES.

ARMY COLONEL AND CHAPLAIN CHARLES C. PIERCE WAS DETERMINED TO CHANGE THAT.

DURING THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, THE U.S. GOVERNMENT BEGAN RETURNING THE BODIES OF SOLDIERS KILLED ON FOREIGN SOIL.

IN 1899 IN THE PHILIPPINES, THE ARMY PUT PIERCE IN CHARGE OF THE NEWLY FORMED QUARTERMASTER'S OFFICE OF IDENTIFICATION.

HE RECOMMENDED THAT THE ARMY ISSUE AN IDENTITY DISK TO EACH SOLDIER.

IN DECEMBER 1906, THE WAR DEPARTMENT TOOK ACTION.

IT REQUIRED SOLDIERS TO WEAR AN ALUMINUM IDENTIFICATION TAG THE SIZE OF A SILVER DOLLAR AND STAMPED WITH THAT SOLDIER'S NAME AND RANK.

BUT WHAT ABOUT SERIAL NUMBER?

BY 1918, DURING WORLD WAR I, THE ARMY WAS OVERWHELMED WITH SOLDIERS WHO HAD THE SAME NAME, SO THEY ISSUED EACH MAN A SERVICE NUMBER.

THE FIRST, NUMBER ONE, WENT TO ARTHUR B. CREAN, A MASTER SERGEANT FROM CHICAGO.

BY WORLD WAR II, THE SHAPE OF THE TAGS HAD CHANGED FROM A ROUND DISK TO AN OVAL.

THEY WERE GIVEN THE NICKNAME DOG TAGS.

SOME SAY IT'S BECAUSE THEY LOOKED LIKE THE TAGS GIVEN TO ANIMALS.

OTHERS INSIST THEY REMINDED SOLDIERS THEY LIVED A DOG'S LIFE.

Elyse: OUR NEXT CASE INVESTIGATES WHAT THIS FRAGMENT OF WOOD CAN TELL US ABOUT A DARING 19th-CENTURY ACT OF VANDALISM AGAINST A NATIONAL SYMBOL.

JULY 1834: THE CITIZENS OF BOSTON SWELL WITH PRIDE.

SHELTERED IN THE CHARLESTOWN NAVY YARD IS A HERO FROM THE WAR OF 1812.

BOSTON-BUILT AND BATTLE-TESTED, USS CONSTITUTION, "OLD IRONSIDES," DEFEATED FOUR BRITISH SHIPS DURING AMERICA'S SECOND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.

THE FRIGATE REPRESENTS THE PRIDE OF THE CITY AND OF THE NATION.

BUT ON THE MORNING OF JULY 3rd, BOSTON WAKES TO SHOCKING NEWS: VANDALS HAVE ATTACKED OLD IRONSIDES.

THE FIGUREHEAD OF PRESIDENT JACKSON ATTACHED TO THE SHIP'S BOW HAS BEEN DECAPITATED, AND THE HEAD VANISHES.

MORE THAN 175 YEARS LATER, A BODY PART FROM THAT TUMULTUOUS NIGHT MAY HAVE SURFACED IN THE TRUNK OF A STRANGER'S CAR.

I'VE BEEN WONDERING WHAT THE SECRET OF THIS MOUTH IS FOR 30 YEARS, BUT HIS LIPS ARE SEALED.

I'M ELYSE LURAY, AND I'VE COME TO BETHLEHEM, CONNECTICUT, TO MEET PJ WHELAN AND FIND OUT ABOUT HER STRANGE OBJECT.

SO YOU HAVE A BOX FOR ME.

I DO HAVE A BOX, AND INSIDE IS A MOUTH.

OH, YOU REALLY DO HAVE A MOUTH.

I DO HAVE A MOUTH.

WHAT'S THE STORY BEHIND THIS?

ABOUT 30 YEARS AGO, MY DAD, WHO WAS AN AVID COLLECTOR, WAS APPROACHED BY A MAN WHO HAD THE CAR FULL OF COLLECTIBLES, AND THE GENTLEMAN TOLD HIM THAT THIS WAS ACTUALLY THE MOUTH OF ANDREW JACKSON AND IT WAS PART OF THE ORIGINAL MASTHEAD ON THE USS CONSTITUTION.

THE FAMOUS SHIP?

OLD IRONSIDES, YES.

PJ SAYS HER FATHER COULDN'T PASS UP THE OPPORTUNITY TO OWN WHAT MIGHT BE A PIECE OF THIS CELEBRATED FRIGATE, SO HE MADE THE TRADE.

WHAT EXACTLY DO YOU WANT ME TO FIND OUT?

I REALLY WOULD LIKE TO KNOW IF THIS IS THE ORIGINAL MOUTH OFF THE ORIGINAL MASTHEAD OF THE USS CONSTITUTION.

DO YOU HAVE ANYTHING ELSE FOR ME TO GO ON?

ONLY SOME OLD NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS THAT TALK ABOUT A NIGHT IN THE 1800s WHEN SAILORS SUPPOSEDLY RODE OUT TO THE SHIP AND CHOPPED THIS MOUTH OFF THE MASTHEAD.

IF YOU DON'T MIND, I'D LOVE TO SIT HERE AND JUST LOOK THROUGH SOME OF THESE OLD NEWSPAPERS AND DO AN EVALUATION, AND THEN I'LL START.

THAT'D BE GREAT.

ALL RIGHT, I'LL SEE YOU SOON.

THANK YOU.

BYE.

THIS IS DEFINITELY ONE OF THE STRANGER INVESTIGATIONS.

I MEAN, IT REALLY IS A MOUTH.

IT LOOKS HAND-CARVED; IT'S VERY LIGHT.

THE WOOD IS PROBABLY PINE, WHICH WOULD'VE BEEN USED DURING THAT TIME PERIOD.

IT HAS GREAT PATINA.

IT'S BEEN PAINTED, AND THE PATINA'S STILL VERY SHINY AND IT DOESN'T LOOK VERY WEATHERED TO ME.

IT ACTUALLY LOOKS LIKE IT'S IN PRETTY GOOD SHAPE.

THERE IS A LABEL ON THE BACK.

NOW, I DON'T REALLY LIKE TO LOOK AT LABELS FOR AUTHENTICITY.

ANYBODY COULD PUT A LABEL ON ANY OBJECT, AND I SAY THAT ALL THE TIME, BUT IT IS A GOOD REFERENCE POINT.

AND THIS SAYS "PART OF FIG" -- WHICH I'M ASSUMING IS "FIGURE" -- "FRIGATE CONSTITUTION CUT OFF IN BOSTON HARBOR."

I GUESS THAT SAYS 1830.

OKAY, THE NEWSPAPER ARTICLE IS JANUARY 9, 1977, SO IT'S MUCH, MUCH LATER.

IT'S AN ARTICLE ABOUT FIGUREHEADS AND HOW THESE CARVED WOODEN SCULPTURES ADORNED SHIPS FROM THE 16th TO 20th CENTURIES.

THE ACCOUNT SAYS THAT IN THE 1830s, USS CONSTITUTION WAS BEING RESTORED IN THE BOSTON NAVY YARD.

ORIGINALLY, THE PLAN HAD BEEN TO RESTORE A FIGUREHEAD OF HERCULES, THE SAME FIGUREHEAD CONSTITUTION HAD CARRIED FROM HER LAUNCHING.

AH, LISTEN TO THIS: "THEN, IN 1834... "THE POLITICALLY-MINDED PEOPLE OF BOSTON DEMANDED A LIKENESS OF GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON."

OKAY, SO I KNOW THAT ANDREW JACKSON WAS DEFINITELY ON CONSTITUTION, BUT I DON'T KNOW IF THIS IS A PART OF IT.

I THINK THE BEST PLACE FOR ME TO START IS THE SCENE OF THE CRIME.

USS CONSTITUTION EARNED HER NICKNAME "OLD IRONSIDES" DURING THE WAR OF 1812 BECAUSE BRITISH CANNONBALLS SEEMED TO BOUNCE OFF HER OAK HULL AS IF SHE WERE MADE OF IRON.

IN ANTICIPATION OF THE CELEBRATION OF THE WAR'S BICENTENNIAL, SHE IS UNDERGOING A MAJOR OVERHAUL BUT STILL WELCOMES VISITORS, FIRING HER CANNONS EVERY EVENING.

WELL, THERE CERTAINLY ISN'T A FIGUREHEAD ON THE SHIP NOW, THERE'S JUST A SCROLL THERE.

I'M MEETING MARGHERITA DESY, OFFICIAL HISTORIAN FOR USS CONSTITUTION.

SHE HAS BEEN A KEEPER OF CONSTITUTION'S HISTORY FOR MORE THAN A DECADE.

WELCOME ABOARD, ELYSE, TO USS CONSTITUTION.

WOW, SHE'S BEAUTIFUL.

THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

UNBELIEVABLE.

SO I HAVE THIS PIECE, AND THE PEOPLE THAT OWN IT BELIEVE THAT IT MIGHT BE PART OF A FIGUREHEAD OF ANDREW JACKSON THAT ADORNED THIS SHIP.

DO YOU KNOW THAT STORY?

YES, I DO.

THE SHIP DID CARRY A FIGUREHEAD OF ANDREW JACKSON.

IT WAS PLACED ABOARD THE SHIP IN 1834 AS PART OF A MAJOR RESTORATION OF CONSTITUTION.

PART OF THE RESTORATION INVOLVED PUTTING A NEW FIGUREHEAD ON THE BOW OF THE SHIP.

ANDREW JACKSON WAS PRESIDENT AT THE TIME THAT THE SHIP ENTERED DRY DOCK IN 1833, AND HE WAS ACTUALLY A VERY POPULAR PRESIDENT.

COMMODORE JESSE DUNCAN ELLIOTT IS THE PERSON WHO OVERSEES THE RESTORATION OF CONSTITUTION, AND HE THOUGHT IT WOULD BE PROBABLY A POLITICALLY CORRECT THING TO DO TO PUT A FIGUREHEAD OF JACKSON ON THE BOW OF THE SHIP.

HOWEVER, PRESIDENT JACKSON'S POPULIST POLITICS WERE SEEN AS FAVORING WESTERN INTERESTS.

THIS EARNED HIM ENEMIES, ESPECIALLY IN THE MARITIME CITIES OF THE NORTHEAST, SUCH AS BOSTON.

REGARDLESS, ELLIOTT PRESSED AHEAD WITH HIS PLAN.

SO HE HIRED LABAN BEECHER, WHO WAS A SHIPCARVER HERE IN BOSTON, TO CARVE REALLY QUITE A LARGE FIGURE.

THE ANDREW JACKSON FIGURE IS ABOUT 10 TO 12 FEET TALL BECAUSE CONSTITUTION IS A BIG SHIP.

AND WHAT HAPPENS?

MARGHERITA SAYS THAT THE BEST WAY FOR ME TO FIND OUT MORE IS TO TALK TO CURATOR SARAH WATKINS JUST ACROSS THE NAVY YARD IN THE ARCHIVES OF THE USS CONSTITUTION MUSEUM.

SARAH CONFIRMS THAT COMMODORE ELLIOTT'S CHOICE OF PRESIDENT JACKSON FOR THE BELOVED OLD IRONSIDES WAS MET WITH NEAR UNANIMOUS HOSTILITY FROM THE PEOPLE OF BOSTON, WHO TOOK TO THE STREETS IN PROTEST.

WELL, FIRST I HAVE A REPRODUCTION OF A HANDBILL FROM A PERIOD BOOK.

IT'S A HANDBILL THAT WAS DISTRIBUTED ON THE STREETS, AND THE TITLE IS "FREEMAN AWAKE OR THE CONSTITUTION WILL SINK."

"IT IS IN FACT THAT THE OLD GLORY PRESIDENT "HAS ISSUED SPECIAL ORDERS "FOR A COLOSSAL FIGURE OF THIS ROYAL SELF IN ROMAN COSTUME TO BE PLACED AS A FIGUREHEAD ON OLD IRONSIDES!"

AND IT ENDS WITH A CALL TO ACTION: "FOR GOD'S SAKE, SAVE THE SHIP FROM FOUL DISGRACE."

IT WAS SEEN AS A DESECRATION ON AN ALMOST SACRED SHIP.

HUH, AND WHY IS THAT?

WELL, NUMBER ONE, ANDREW JACKSON IS THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES WHO CLOSES THE BANK, THE SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES.

SARAH EXPLAINS THAT IN THE WINTER OF 1833, JACKSON HAD REMOVED FEDERAL DEPOSITS FROM THE SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES.

JACKSON VIEWED THAT PRIVATE INSTITUTION AS AN UNCONSTITUTIONAL CONCENTRATION OF FINANCIAL POWER.

BUT REMOVING FUNDS FROM THE BANK SHUT DOWN THE FLOW OF CREDIT TO BUSINESSES, ANGERING BOSTON MERCHANTS.

ON JULY 2, 1834, ONE CAPE COD SAILOR NAMED SAMUEL DEWEY DECIDED TO TAKE ACTION.

SO, WHAT HAPPENED THAT NIGHT?

WELL, IT WAS A DARK AND STORMY NIGHT, AND OUR DAREDEVIL, SAMUEL DEWEY, STEALTHFULLY ROSE ACROSS BOSTON HARBOR AND REACHES CONSTITUTION UNDETECTED.

HE SHIMMIES UP NEARLY 25 FEET IN THE AIR WITH HIS SAW AND ATTEMPTS TO BEHEAD THIS FIGUREHEAD BUT REACHES AN OBSTRUCTION, AN ACTUAL ROD THAT'S ATTACHING THE FIGURE TO THE SHIP, AND SO INSTEAD OF CUTTING AT THE NECK, HE ACTUALLY HAD TO CUT RIGHT BELOW THE NOSE AND SUCCEEDED IN SEVERING IT THERE.

THAT MEANS THAT THE MOUTH WAS STILL ATTACHED TO THE SHIP.

EXACTLY.

SO WHAT HAPPENS TO CONSTITUTION?

WELL, CONSTITUTION'S BEHEADED FIGURE IS DRAPED IN CANVAS, AND THE SHIP SAILS TO NEW YORK TO HAVE A NEW YORK CARVER REPLACE THE DAMAGE.

AND WHAT DOES DEWEY DO WITH THE HEAD?

WELL, DEWEY, SOAKING WET AND ELATED, ROWS BACK TO SHORE AND HIDES HIS PRIZE IN HIS MOTHER'S SHED.

AND EVENTUALLY, HE ACTUALLY TRIES TO TAKE THE HEAD TO WASHINGTON, D.C., AND RETURN IT TO ANDREW JACKSON HIMSELF.

JACKSON, UNFORTUNATELY, IS ILL AND NOT ABLE TO RECEIVE HIM, SO INSTEAD, WITH NAVY PROPERTY, HE ACTUALLY RETURNS IT TO THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY, DICKERSON.

SO HE BECOMES THIS HERO.

DEWEY WAS KNOWN FOR THIS FOR THE REST OF HIS LIFE.

SARAH SAYS THAT AFTER THE ATTACK, THE MOSTLY DECAPITATED PRESIDENT, CONSTITUTION, AND POSSIBLY OUR MOUTH SAILED OUT OF BOSTON FOR SAFER WATERS IN NEW YORK HARBOR.

[♪ ] HERE'S A PICTURE OF THE SEVERED HEAD.

THE BOOK CALLS IT THE BEECHER CRANIUM AFTER THE BOSTON SCULPTOR WHO MADE IT.

IT'S TINY, IT'S IN BLACK AND WHITE, SO UNFORTUNATELY, I CAN'T TELL IF THE PATINAS ARE THE SAME.

STYLISTICALLY, THEY LOOK PRETTY SIMILAR.

UNFORTUNATELY, IT SAYS HERE, "THE BEECHER CRANIUM, PRESENT WHEREABOUTS UNKNOWN."

IT SEEMS THE HEAD DEWEY HAD SEVERED WENT MISSING LONG AFTER HE RETURNED IT TO THE NAVY.

AND WHAT HAPPENED TO THE DAMAGED REMAINS OF THE FIGUREHEAD WHEN OLD IRONSIDES GOT TO NEW YORK?

I'M ENLISTING THE HELP OF NEW YORK ART HISTORIAN AND AUTHOR RALPH SESSIONS.

HE'S AN EXPERT ON SHIPCARVINGS FROM THE 19th CENTURY AND HAS WRITTEN ON THIS FIGUREHEAD SPECIFICALLY.

DO YOU THINK THAT THIS PIECE COULD'VE BEEN PART OF THE FIGUREHEAD?

IF THIS ACTUALLY WERE THE ORIGINAL MOUTH, IT WOULD BE HISTORICALLY VERY IMPORTANT, BUT I'M SKEPTICAL.

OFFICIAL NAVY CORRESPONDENCE FROM THE PERIOD INDICATES THAT THE REPAIRS PRESERVED THE EXISTING MOUTH.

WE HAVE SOME LETTERS -- AND ACTUALLY I HAVE A COPY OF ONE -- IN THE NAVY DEPARTMENT THAT ESSENTIALLY SAYS THAT "NO MORE IS WANTED, THAN THAT SO MUCH OF THE FIGUREHEAD AS HAS BEEN REMOVED SHOULD BE RESTORED."

SO THIS COULD NOT BE PART OF THE ORIGINAL FIGUREHEAD, BECAUSE ACCORDING TO THE DOCUMENTATION, THEY JUST REPLACED THE CRANIUM.

YES, THAT WOULD MEAN THAT.

HOWEVER, IN THINKING ABOUT IT SINCE YOU CONTACTED ME, IT'S ALSO TRUE THAT FROM A CARVING POINT OF VIEW, IT WOULD BE EASIER FOR A SHIPCARVER TO CUT OFF THE REST OF THE HEAD AT THE NECK AND CARVE THE ENTIRE PIECE, IN WHICH CASE, THIS WOULD'VE BEEN CUT OFF IN NEW YORK AND THEN THE NEW HEAD WOULD BE AFFIXED.

DID THE NEW YORK TEAM CREATE AN ENTIRE NEW HEAD FOR THE PRESIDENT?

IF SO, WHAT HAPPENED TO THE DAMAGED MOUTH?

WHERE DO YOU THINK I SHOULD TAKE IT FROM HERE?

THERE CERTAINLY IS A WAY YOU COULD INVESTIGATE IT FURTHER.

WHAT'S THAT?

BECAUSE THE FIGUREHEAD IS NOW AT THE MUSEUM OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

IT'S ON EXHIBITION, IN FACT.

THE ORIGINAL PIECE WITH THE REPLACED HEAD.

RALPH IS BEING A LITTLE COY, BUT HE SAYS THAT WHILE I'M THERE, I SHOULD ASK THE MUSEUM ABOUT ANOTHER OBJECT THEY HAVE IN STORAGE THAT COULD HELP ME SOLVE THE CASE.

I'M MEETING DR. SARAH HENRY, CHIEF CURATOR AND DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF THE MUSEUM OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

SHE'S ARRANGED FOR ME TO TAKE A CLOSE LOOK AT ANDREW IN THE GALLERY.

Elyse: SO THIS IS HIM.

YEAH, HERE'S ANDREW JACKSON.

HE'S HUGE.

YEP, IN ALL HIS GLORY.

THIS IS THE ORIGINAL BODY, THE BEECHER BODY AND THE REPLACEMENT HEAD.

SO I HAVE THIS PIECE, AND IF YOU DON'T MIND, I WANTED TO MAKE A COMPARISON TO SEE IF OUR MOUTH COULD'VE BEEN ATTACHED TO THAT HEAD.

OKAY.

IT'S CLEAR THAT OUR MOUTH NEVER BELONGED TO THIS HEAD, AND RALPH'S SPECULATION APPEARS ON TARGET.

THE NEW YORK REPAIR TEAM GAVE THE PRESIDENT AN ENTIRELY NEW HEAD.

SARAH DOESN'T KNOW WHAT HAPPENED TO JACKSON'S MOUTH, BUT SHE HAS A SURPRISE.

INCREDIBLY, THE HEAD THAT DEWEY CUT AND WHICH HAD LONG BEEN MISSING FROM THE NAVY PROPERTY LOCKERS HAS BEEN FOUND.

IT'S ACTUALLY DOWNSTAIRS IN OUR BRAND-NEW COLLECTION STORAGE CENTER.

SO IF YOU'D LIKE TO TAKE A LOOK, WE COULD GO DOWN.

I'D LOVE TO SEE IT.

SARAH SAYS THAT AFTER DEWEY HANDED IT OFF, JACKSON'S HEAD, THE SO-CALLED BEECHER CRANIUM, REMAINED IN THE FAMILY OF THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY FOR GENERATIONS.

AT ONE POINT, THEY EMIGRATED TO FRANCE AND ITS WHEREABOUTS WERE THEN UNKNOWN FOR MORE THAN 50 YEARS.

IT WAS TRACKED DOWN BY A CURATOR FROM THE MUSEUM OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK IN THE 1990s.

HOW'D SHE DO THAT?

WELL, SHE WENT AND LOOKED UP -- SHE KNEW THE MARRIED NAME OF THE FAMILY MEMBER IT HAD GONE DOWN THROUGH, AND SHE WENT AND LOOKED UP EVERYBODY WITH THAT LAST NAME IN PARIS AND CALLED EVERYBODY.

SHE'S LIKE A HISTORY DETECTIVE.

SHE WAS A HISTORY DETECTIVE.

SO THERE IT IS.

ALL RIGHT, THIS IS THE MOMENT OF TRUTH.

LET'S CHECK IT OUT.

OKAY.

THIS MYSTERY'S BEEN AROUND FOR A LONG TIME, BUT IT WAS A HARD ONE TO CRACK.

IT WASN'T UNTIL I WENT TO THE MUSEUM OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK WHERE I WAS ABLE TO FIND SOME ANSWERS.

AND I THINK YOU MIGHT WANT TO TAKE A LOOK AT SOME OF THIS FOOTAGE.

Well, the first thing I notice is that the patina is the same.

AND IT'S TO SCALE.

I MEAN, THE MOUTH AND THE CHIN AREN'T BIGGER OR SMALLER.

IT'S DEFINITELY TO SCALE, AS IT SHOULD BE.

SO THAT'S A GOOD SIGN.

NOW LET'S SEE IF IT MATCHES.

LET'S SEE IF IT FITS TOGETHER, OKAY?

YOU GOT IT?

COME ON, ANDY.

OKAY, HERE WE GO.

LET'S SEE.

LOOK AT THAT!

YEP, IT'S A MATCH.

SO AFTER 150 YEARS, THEY'RE FINALLY TOGETHER.

TOGETHER AGAIN.

OH, PJ'S GOING TO BE THRILLED.

OH, MY GOSH.

ABSOLUTELY AMAZING.

I'M SPEECHLESS.

I REALLY CAN'T BELIEVE THAT IT'S ACTUALLY REAL.

SO YOUR DAD'S TRADE REALLY WAS FOR A TREASURE.

WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO WITH IT?

IT'S ALWAYS BEEN IN THE BACK OF MY MIND THAT HE COULD BE REUNITED WITH ANDREW.

THAT, TO ME, IS THE FITTING END TO THIS STORY IS THAT ANDREW GETS HIS MOUTH BACK AND HISTORY GETS BACK AN IMPORTANT PIECE OF THE PUZZLE.

SAMUEL DEWEY, THE BOSTONIAN WHO DECAPITATED THE FIGUREHEAD, SLIPPED FROM PUBLIC VIEW AFTER THAT FATEFUL NIGHT IN 1834.

DESPITE BECOMING A GEM SEEKER AND DISCOVERING BOTH THE LARGEST-KNOWN AMERICAN DIAMOND AND RUBY AT THE TIME, HE DIED POOR AT THE AGE OF 93 IN A TENEMENT HOUSE.

USS CONSTITUTION NEVER FIRED HER CANNONS IN BATTLE AGAIN.

UPON RETURNING TO THE U.S.

IN 1855 FROM HER FINAL VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD, OLD IRONSIDES WAS READIED FOR HER NEW ROLE AS A STATIONARY SCHOOL SHIP FOR THE NAVAL ACADEMY.

TODAY, THE OLDEST COMMISSIONED WARSHIP STILL AFLOAT CONTINUES TO SERVE AS AN HISTORIC SHIP, WELCOMING ABOARD A HALF-A-MILLION VISITORS EACH YEAR.

PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON'S DIVISIVE POLITICS AND VOLATILE PERSONALITY EARNED HIM A LOT OF ENEMIES.

IN SEASON SEVEN, I DID A STORY ABOUT A DEATH THREAT WRITTEN TO PRESIDENT JACKSON BY THE FATHER OF JOHN WILKES BOOTH.

"YOU DAMNED OLD SCOUNDREL!

I WILL CUT YOUR THROAT WHILST YOU ARE SLEEPING."

AMONG JACKSON'S PAPERS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE IN KNOXVILLE, I DISCOVERED THE THREAT WAS JUST ONE OF SEVERAL MADE AGAINST THE PRESIDENT.

"DAMN YOUR OLD SOUL.

"IF YOU DO NOT DO SOMETHING FOR THE GOOD OF THE COUNTRY, I WILL MURDER YOU."

ON JANUARY 30, 1835, AS JACKSON EXITED THE CAPITOL, AN ANGRY UNEMPLOYED HOUSEPAINTER NAMED RICHARD LAWRENCE ATTEMPTED TO SHOOT JACKSON WITH TWO PISTOLS.

MIRACULOUSLY, BOTH GUNS MISFIRED.

PRESIDENT JACKSON RESPONDED BY BEATING HIS ATTACKER WITH HIS CANE.

RICHARD LAWRENCE WAS SUBDUED AND LATER JUDGED MENTALLY INCOMPETENT.

THE FIRST WOULD-BE PRESIDENTIAL ASSASSIN WOULD SPEND THE REST OF HIS LIFE IN MENTAL INSTITUTIONS.

Gwendolyn: OUR LAST CASE INVESTIGATES THE SECRETS RECORDED IN THIS LITTLE BLACK BOOK AND THE WORLD OF DOMESTIC SPYING DURING THE DARK DAYS OF WORLD WAR I. APRIL 6, 1917: THE UNITED STATES ENTERS THE FIRST WORLD WAR.

OUTRAGED BY THE SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA AND FEARING GERMAN SABOTAGE ON THE HOME FRONT, MANY AMERICANS SUPPORT PRESIDENT WILSON'S DECISION TO JOIN THE FIGHT AGAINST THE KAISER.

BUT A LARGE NUMBER FEEL BETRAYED, HAVING VOTED FOR WILSON THE PREVIOUS NOVEMBER ON HIS CAMPAIGN SLOGAN THAT HE HAD KEPT THE UNITED STATES OUT OF THAT EUROPEAN CONFLICT.

HOW WILL THE NATION'S FLEDGLING INTELLIGENCE SERVICE THWART A GERMAN FOE DETERMINED TO ATTACK THE UNITED STATES ON ITS OWN SOIL?

AND HOW WILL THEY DEAL WITH AN ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT THAT INCLUDES SOME RADICALS WHO MAY WANT TO BRING DOWN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT?

NOW A SMALL MEMO BOOK HAS SURFACED THAT MAY UNCOVER SECRETS FROM THIS EXPLOSIVE ERA.

I KNOW THIS BOOK IS FULL OF SECRETS, I JUST DON'T KNOW WHAT THEY ARE.

I'M GWENDOLYN WRIGHT, AND I'M HEADED TO SOUTHAMPTON, PENNSYLVANIA, TO MEET BOB BRADY AND SEE WHAT HE HAS.

THIS IS IT.

OH, LET'S SEE.

BOB TELLS ME THAT THE NOTEBOOK DATES FROM THE PERIOD OF AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND BELONGED TO HIS GREAT-GRANDFATHER, JOHN H. BRADY.

IT RUNS FROM NOVEMBER OF 1917 TO AROUND FEBRUARY OF 1918.

IT'S GOT NOTES -- THERE'S ONE IN PARTICULAR RIGHT HERE.

TAKE A LOOK AT THAT ONE.

"JANUARY 22: "WENT INTO WINNIE'S ROOM, GOT A NUMBER OF PAPERS THAT WOULD NOT BE MISSED, AND TOOK A LOAN OF ONE."

RIGHT AWAY YOU SAY, "HMM, SOMETHING DOESN'T SEEM RIGHT HERE."

TELL ME, WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT YOUR GREAT-GRANDFATHER?

NOT A HECK OF A LOT, BUT WE HAVE A MULTIGENERATIONAL SHOT WHERE HERE'S JOHN H. BRADY HERE, HIS SON WILLIAM, AND THEN HIS SON THOMAS, WHO'S MY FATHER.

WE ALSO HAVE A BUSINESS CARD, JOHN H. BRADY, AND TAKE A LOOK AT THAT.

HE WAS AN INSPECTOR IN THE MILITARY INTELLIGENCE SECTION OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT.

TELL ME, WHAT DO YOU THINK THIS IS, BOB?

UM, I -- I ACTUALLY BELIEVE IT'S A SPY BOOK.

IF YOU NOTICE IN HERE, THERE ARE SEVERAL ENTRIES WHERE IT SAYS "PRO GERMAN."

I TELL BOB THAT THERE HAD BEEN MULTIPLE INCIDENTS OF GERMAN SABOTAGE IN THE UNITED STATES DURING THE WAR AND FEAR OF GERMAN SYMPATHIZERS WAS RUNNING HIGH.

SO, BOB, TELL ME EXACTLY WHAT YOU'D LIKE FOR ME TO FIND OUT.

WHAT I'D LOVE TO KNOW IS WAS HE REALLY A SPY AND WHAT SIGNIFICANCE THIS BOOK PLAYED.

THIS IS GOING TO BE AN INTRIGUING STORY, I THINK, WHATEVER WE FIND OUT.

SO WHAT DO WE HAVE HERE?

MOST OF IT IS TYPEWRITTEN, BUT IN DIFFERENT COLORS OF INK.

IT'S TABULATED ALPHABETICALLY.

HERE'S AN ENTRY IN WHICH SOMEONE HAS BEEN REPORTED FOR HAVING AN ARGUMENT IN A BOOKSTORE IN WHICH HE SEEMED PRO-GERMAN.

HE'S WATCHING A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT PEOPLE.

HERE'S ONE, "WE WILL HAVE THE DICTAPHONE IN TOMORROW."

"JANUARY 26, LISTENED ON DICK UNTIL 6:40 P.M. AND FOLLOWED THEM TO A DINNER."

SO HE'S BASICALLY BUGGING THEIR ROOM AND FOLLOWING THEM.

THIS BOOK IS FULL OF NAMES, BUT ONE JUMPS OUT.

"EMMA GOLDMAN CASE."

NOW, EMMA GOLDMAN WAS A WELL-KNOWN ANARCHIST AT THIS TIME.

SHE WAS AGAINST THE WAR, AND THE GOVERNMENT CONSIDERED HER A DANGEROUS EXTREMIST WHO WANTED TO BRING DOWN THE AMERICAN STATE.

WOW, THERE'S A WHOLE SECTION OF THE BOOK DEVOTED TO THE GOLDMAN CASE, INCLUDING THIS ENTRY: "GOLDMAN LOUIS WEITZENKORN MISS WINNER "ORGANIZING COMMITTEE OF FIVE ALL OVER COUNTRY FOR KILLING MEN FROM PRESIDENT TO DISTRICT ATTORNEY."

WHATEVER THESE COMMITTEES OF FIVE MIGHT HAVE BEEN, THEY CERTAINLY SEEM MENACING.

I'VE NEVER HEARD OF WEITZENKORN OR WINNER, BUT IT SOUNDS LIKE HE MIGHT BE ON TO A MAJOR THREAT.

THE NOTEBOOK SAYS LOUIS WEITZENKORN RUNS VERSE AND PROSE CALLED GUILLOTINE IN THE NEW YORK CALL.

THE RUSSIAN-BORN GOLDMAN WAS A SUPPORTER OF THE 1917 COMMUNIST REVOLUTION IN THE SOVIET UNION, AND SHE AGITATED FOR SIMILAR KINDS OF CHANGE IN THE UNITED STATES.

WHEN SHE WAS YOUNG, EMMA GOLDMAN SUBSCRIBED TO AN ANARCHIST PHILOSOPHY CALLED PROPAGANDA OF THE DEED, WHICH ADVOCATED ACTS OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN ORDER TO INSPIRE THE MASSES AND TO BRING ABOUT REVOLUTION.

GOLDMAN AND OTHER RADICALS FELL UNDER SUSPICION FOR THEIR OPPOSITION TO U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR.

THEY ARGUED THAT IT WAS A CAPITALIST CONFLICT AND PRINCIPALLY A BOON TO BUSINESS INTERESTS.

IN ONE INSTANCE, OPPOSITION TO THE WAR HAD TURNED VIOLENT.

IN JULY 1916, A MASSIVE BOMB EXPLODED AT A WAR-PREPAREDNESS PARADE IN SAN FRANCISCO.

TEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED, FORTY WOUNDED.

THE MEN CONVICTED OF THE BOMBING WERE ASSOCIATED WITH RADICAL LABOR GROUPS.

IT'S LITTLE WONDER THAT BRADY AND THE INTELLIGENCE SERVICES WERE KEEPING AN EYE ON GOLDMAN AFTER THE U.S.

FINALLY DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY IN APRIL 1917, BUT I'M NOT FINDING ANYTHING ABOUT THE COMMITTEES OF FIVE OR A MURDER PLOT.

THE NEW YORK CALL IS THE NEWSPAPER MENTIONED IN JOHN BRADY'S NOTEBOOK, AND ITS PAGES ARE FILLED WITH OPPOSITION TO THE WAR AND THE SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT, WHICH INSTITUTED THE FIRST MILITARY DRAFT SINCE THE CIVIL WAR.

WELL, HERE'S THE BACK PAGE OF THE NEW YORK CALL, JANUARY 1918.

OH, HERE'S THE GUILLOTINE.

AH, THE GUILLOTINE COLUMN HAS A BYLINE OF LOUIS WEITZENKORN.

THIS IS VERY SENTIMENTAL POETRY RIGHT ALONGSIDE THE ANGRY, EVEN VIOLENT IMAGE OF THE GUILLOTINE.

IN ESSENCE, THE GUILLOTINE SEEMS TO BE NOTHING MORE THAN A POETRY PAGE IN A SOCIALIST NEWSPAPER.

THE EDITORS WERE QUITE OPEN, EVEN ANNOUNCING THEIR MEETINGS.

THERE'S CERTAINLY NOTHING ILLEGAL.

THE MAIN CRIME IS BAD POETRY.

THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES BRANCH IN MANHATTAN HOLDS GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE RECORDS.

HERE HE IS, BRADY, J.H.

HE LIVED IN BROOKLYN.

MARCH 26, 1919.

SO THAT'S AFTER THE END OF THE WAR.

HE TENDERS HIS RESIGNATION AS AN AGENT CONNECTED WITH THE PLANT PROTECTION SECTION OF THE MILITARY INTELLIGENCE.

SO THAT MEANS THAT HE WAS WATCHING OVER VARIOUS FACTORIES.

HERE'S A SERIES OF LETTERS.

SOMEONE NAMED CHARLES DRESSER IS COMPLAINING THAT BRADY WRONGLY INVESTIGATED HIM FOR BEING PRO-GERMAN.

NONETHELESS, BRADY'S SUPERIOR SAYS THE MAN HAS NO GROUNDS FOR A COMPLAINT.

EMMA GOLDMAN GAVE SOME OF HER MOST PASSIONATE SPEECHES IN THE LEGENDARY GREAT HALL AT THE COOPER UNION.

HISTORIAN CHRIS CAPOZZOLA HAS WRITTEN ABOUT THE GOVERNMENT'S RESPONSE TO RADICAL THREATS DURING WORLD WAR I.

HERE IS THE LITTLE BOOK THAT I TOLD YOU ABOUT.

THIS BELONGED TO A MAN NAMED JOHN H. BRADY, WHO WORKED FOR THE MILITARY INTELLIGENCE DIVISION.

NOW, TELL ME A BIT ABOUT THAT ORGANIZATION WITHIN THE GOVERNMENT.

WELL, THE MILITARY INTELLIGENCE DIVISION IS PART OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT, AND THEY DID INVESTIGATIONS ON THE HOME FRONT OF ANYTHING THAT THEY THOUGHT WOULD INTERFERE WITH THE WAR EFFORT.

NOW, PART OF THE REASON THAT THE U.S. ARMY IS INVESTIGATING INDIVIDUAL CITIZENS ON THE HOME FRONT IS THAT THERE ISN'T A BIG FEDERAL AGENCY TO DO THIS.

WHAT BECOMES THE FBI DOESN'T REALLY EXIST YET.

IT ONLY HAS A FEW DOZEN AGENTS IN IT.

NOW, YOU'RE MENTIONING THE HOME FRONT.

THIS IS JUST AT THE POINT THAT THE UNITED STATES HAS ENTERED WORLD WAR I.

WAS THERE AN EXPANSION OF BOTH THE POWER OF THESE INTELLIGENCE ORGANIZATIONS AND THE THINGS THAT THEY WERE ALLOWED TO DO?

YES.

SO AS SOON AS THE WAR BEGINS, ABOUT A MONTH LATER, THE U.S.

PASSES THE SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT, WHICH AUTHORIZES CONSCRIPTION AND THE DRAFT, AND IN THAT IS A SERIES OF REGULATIONS THAT SAY THAT PEOPLE WHO OPPOSE THE DRAFT, SPEAK OUT ABOUT IT, OR ACT TO OBSTRUCT IT CAN BE ARRESTED AND IMPRISONED.

AND PEOPLE WHO ARE OPPOSED TO THE WAR EFFORT -- AND PARTICULARLY THOSE WHO ARE NOT CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES -- FIND THEMSELVES REALLY UNDER THE GUN.

HE SEEMS TO FEEL THAT EMMA GOLDMAN WAS INVOLVED IN A CONSPIRACY TO ASSASSINATE THE PRESIDENT.

DOES THAT MAKE SENSE TO YOU?

WELL, I DON'T KNOW OF ANY PLOT TO ASSASSINATE THE PRESIDENT, BUT AS SOON AS THE SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT WAS PASSED, SHE AND ALEXANDER BERKMAN FORMED A GROUP CALLED THE NO CONSCRIPTION LEAGUE.

IN ADDITION, ALEXANDER BERKMAN, GOLDMAN'S LOVER, HAD SERVED 14 YEARS IN PRISON FOR THE ATTEMPTED MURDER OF THE CARNEGIE STEEL EXECUTIVE HENRY CLAY FRICK IN 1892.

SO, CHRIS SAYS, IT'S NOT AT ALL SURPRISING THAT THE NO CONSCRIPTION LEAGUE ATTRACTED SCRUTINY.

THEY HAD MEETINGS WHICH WERE ATTENDED BY THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE.

THEY WERE ALSO ATTENDED BY AGENTS OF THE MILITARY INTELLIGENCE DIVISION TO INVESTIGATE AND HEAR WHAT WAS BEING SAID.

IT WAS ONLY AROUND FOR ABOUT SIX WEEKS BEFORE SHE AND BERKMAN WERE ARRESTED.

THE TERM "PRO-GERMAN" WAS A VERY LOOSE AND CAPACIOUS TERM THAT COULD INCLUDE ALL KINDS OF OPPOSITION TO PRETTY MUCH EVERYTHING.

ANYONE WHO EXPRESSED A DISSENTING OPINION COULD FIND THEMSELVES LABELED A PRO-GERMAN AND ENDING UP IN JOHN BRADY'S BOOK.

AND THEREFORE TO BE PRO-GERMAN WAS TO BE ANTI-AMERICAN.

THAT WAS THE ASSUMPTION, YES.

WELL, YOU'LL SEE UNDER GOLDMAN THAT HE MENTIONS TWO INDIVIDUALS, LOUIS WEITZENKORN AND MISS WINNER, WHO WERE PART OF THE GUILLOTINE.

HAVE YOU EVER HEARD OF THEM?

NO, I HAVEN'T HEARD OF THEM OR THAT ORGANIZATION, BUT THE GUILLOTINE CERTAINLY WOULD'VE BEEN SOMETHING THAT THE GOVERNMENT WOULD'VE TAKEN VERY SERIOUSLY JUST FROM ITS NAME ALONE.

THEY SEEM TO BE ACTIVE SOCIALISTS, AND IT ALSO NOTES THAT WINNER WAS ACTIVE AS A SUFFRAGIST.

OH, THAT WAS OBVIOUSLY VERY DANGEROUS.

THAT WAS ALSO CONSIDERED DANGEROUS AT THAT TIME, YES.

THE EMMA GOLDMAN PAPERS ARE ARCHIVED AT UC BERKELEY, ONE OF MY ALMA MATERS.

ASSOCIATE EDITOR BARRY PATEMAN HAS MADE A CAREER OF STUDYING ANARCHIST HISTORY AND LITERATURE.

GWEN, WELCOME BACK TO BERKELEY.

THANK YOU.

THANKS.

HAVE A SEAT.

THANK YOU.

SO, BARRY, HERE IS JOHN BRADY'S NOTEBOOK THAT I TOLD YOU ABOUT.

NOW, IF YOU LOOK UNDER "G," YOU'LL SEE THERE'S A LARGE SECTION ON EMMA GOLDMAN.

THERE'S A MENTION IN HERE OF SOMETHING CALLED THE COMMITTEES OF FIVE; WHAT WAS THAT?

AH, COMMITTEE OF FIVE.

THERE WAS A BELIEF IN SOME INTELLIGENCE CIRCLES THAT THROUGHOUT AMERICA THERE WERE GROUPS OF FIVE MEN AND WOMEN WHO THE ORDER FROM EMMA GOLDMAN WOULD LEAD A FEARSOME ASSAULT ON AMERICAN DEMOCRACY.

THEY WOULD ASSASSINATE THE PRESIDENT, THEY WOULD ASSASSINATE GOVERNORS, ALL SORTS OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS.

THEY WERE SIMPLY WAITING FOR THE WORD TO COME.

WELL, BRADY SEEMS TO FEEL THAT HELPING EMMA GOLDMAN SET THIS OFF ARE TWO PEOPLE -- LOUIS WEITZENKORN, MISS WINNER -- AND THIS GUILLOTINE CLUB.

IT'S IN A SOCIALIST NEWSPAPER AND THE LOGO AT THE TOP IS VIOLENT, BUT MAINLY IT'S RATHER TRITE POETRY.

WELL, THE THEORY HELD BY SOME IN INTELLIGENCE IS THAT EMMA GOLDMAN WAS GOING TO GIVE HER WORD TO THE GROUPS OF FIVE IN A POEM PUBLISHED IN THIS COLUMN.

LOUIS WEITZENKORN, LILY WINNER WOULD PUBLISH A CERTAIN POEM THAT WAS IN A CERTAIN CODE KNOWN ONLY TO THESE GROUPS OF FIVE.

THIS COLUMN WAS GOING TO BE THE SIGNAL FOR REVOLUTION IN AMERICA.

COULD THIS THEORY HAVE BEEN TRUE?

BARRY SHARES A FILE WITH ME.

HERE WE ARE.

OH, GOOD.

SO THIS IS LOUIS WEITZENKORN?

MM-HMM.

AND THIS IS LILY WINNER.

WELL, WHAT KINDS OF DOCUMENTATION DO YOU HAVE?

WE HAVE SOME THAT JOHN BRADY WROTE.

OH, I'D LOVE TO SEE THOSE.

AND WE'VE GOT ONE HERE WHICH IS QUITE INTERESTING.

IN JULY, WELL BEFORE THE TIME OF THIS JOURNAL, JOHN BRADY HAD ACTUALLY RAIDED LILY WINNER'S APARTME.

PRESUMABLY SHE WAS SEEN TO BE A RADICAL OF SOME TYPE.

HE SAYS HE FOUND HER AND LOUIS WEITZENKORN IN A COMPROMISING POSITION.

THE DOCUMENTS RECORD AN AGENT OBSESSED WITH A NEED TO KNOW EVERYTHING ABOUT GOLDMAN'S ASSOCIATES.

THIS IS A REPORT TYPED BY JOHN BRADY TO LIEUTENANT CAMPBELL, HIS SUPERIOR.

WEITZENKORN AND WINNER MUST HAVE MOVED; HE'S FOUND THEM IN THEIR NEW APARTMENT, AND HE THINKS IT WOULD BE A VERY GOOD IDEA FOR MILITARY INTELLIGENCE TO RENT A ROOM ON THE SAME LANDING SO THEY CAN SNEAK A DICTAPHONE IN AND TAPE THEIR CONVERSATION.

THIS MATCHES WHAT'S IN BRADY'S NOTEBOOK.

BUT HAD EMMA GOLDMAN AND THE COMMITTEES OF FIVE REALLY PLOTTED TO KILL THE PRESIDENT?

THE GUILLOTINE COLUMN RUN BY LILY WINNER AND LOUIS WEITZENKORN... WHAT BARRY WOULD TELL ME NEXT WOULD REVEAL THE REAL STORY ABOUT JOHN BRADY'S ASSASSINATION CASE.

BOB, THIS IS AN EXTRAORDINARY DOCUMENT THAT OPENS UP MANY ASPECTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY.

NOW, YOU ASKED IF HE WAS A SPY.

HE WAS, A DOMESTIC SPY.

HIS OFFICIAL JOB WAS AS AN INSPECTOR OF VARIOUS FACTORIES AND PLANTS OUT OF THE LEGITIMATE CONCERN THAT THERE COULD BE SABOTAGE.

I CAN GIVE YOU A COPY OF HIS LETTER OF RESIGNATION FROM THAT JOB AFTER THE WAR HAD ENDED.

WOW.

I DON'T HAVE ANYTHING WITH HIS SIGNATURE ON IT.

BUT THIS NOTEBOOK SHOWS ANOTHER SIDE OF HIS WORK.

I EXPLAIN HOW SOME MILITARY INTELLIGENCE AGENTS BELIEVED THAT THE COMMITTEES OF FIVE WERE ANARCHIST CELLS PLOTTING VIOLENCE.

THAT AT ONE SIGNAL WILL RISE UP, ASSASSINATE THE PRESIDENT, MAJOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS, AND WREAK HAVOC ACROSS THE COUNTRY.

THAT'S INCREDIBLE.

BUT WHAT ABOUT THE ALLEGED POETRY PLOT?

IF WE LOOK AT THE MILITARY INTELLIGENCE RECORDS, THE WHOLE IDEA THAT THERE ARE GROUPS OF FIVE IN AMERICA DISAPPEARS AS 1918 PROGRESSES.

IT'S NOT A TOPIC OF MEMOS, MEMORANDUMS, AND DISCUSSIONS AT ALL.

IT'S GONE.

THE POEMS AND PROSE THAT WERE PUBLISHED IN THIS COLUMN HAD NO HIDDEN MEANINGS EXCEPT IN THE MINDS PERHAPS OF THE WRITERS WHO PRODUCED THEM.

ALTHOUGH WINNER AND WEITZENKORN WERE DETAINED, THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE THAT THEY HAD BEEN INVOLVED IN AN ASSASSINATION PLOT, AND IT SEEMS THAT NO CHARGES WERE EVER FILED.

I TELL BOB THAT HIS GREAT-GRANDFATHER'S DIARY RECORDS THE ACTIVITIES OF A DEDICATED AGENT AT THE MOMENT OUR INTELLIGENCE SERVICE EXPANDED DRAMATICALLY, A TIME WHEN THE IDEALS OF FREEDOM OFTEN BECAME CASUALTIES OF OUR INVOLVEMENT IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR.

JOHN BRADY WAS CLEARLY A HARDWORKING AND LOYAL AMERICAN.

HE WANTED TO PROTECT HIS COUNTRY.

BUT THIS NOTEBOOK SHOWS HOW HE AND MANY OTHER PEOPLE WERE, OUT OF THEIR FEAR, BECOMING CONVINCED OF DANGERS OF SUBVERSIVES EVERYWHERE.

IT'S SCARY TO THINK ABOUT.

QUITE FRANKLY, I LOOK AT THIS DOCUMENT NOW DIFFERENTLY THAN I DID HOLDING IT, SAYING, "HEY, MY GREAT-GRANDDAD WAS A SPY."

AND NOW I'M THINKING, WOW, I ACTUALLY HOLD IN MY HAND A UNIQUE DOCUMENT THAT HAS A LOT OF PAIN IN IT.

EMMA GOLDMAN WENT TO PRISON FOR TWO YEARS FOR CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE DRAFT LAW.

UPON HER RELEASE IN 1919, SHE WAS QUICKLY DETAINED AGAIN AS PART OF THE NOTORIOUS PALMER RAIDS AND DEPORTED TO RUSSIA.

BUT HER TIME IN THE COMMUNIST STATE WAS DISAPPOINTING, AND SHE LEFT IN 1921.

SOON AFTER, SHE WROTE THE BOOK MY DISILLUSIONMENT IN RUSSIA.

GOLDMAN WAS ALLOWED TO RETURN TO THE UNITED STATES ONCE AS A VISITOR IN 1934.

SHE DIED IN CANADA IN 1940.

LOUIS WEITZENKORN WOULD GO ON TO WRITE HOLLYWOOD SCREENPLAYS AND PUBLISH A SUCCESSFUL PLAY IN THE 1930s CALLED THE FIVE STAR FINAL.

IT'S FEATURED CHARACTER: AN UNSCRUPULOUS INVESTIGATOR.

AS FOR JOHN BRADY, HIS REMAINING YEARS WERE JUST AS MYSTERIOUS AS HIS LIFE AS A SPY.

ACCORDING TO FAMILY LORE, HE DIED OF A HEART ATTACK WHILE WORKING AS A NEW YORK CITY CABDRIVER IN THE 1930s.

TO READ MORE ENTRIES FROM JOHN BRADY'S NOTEBOOK, GO TO HISTORY DETECTIVES ON THE WEB AT pbs.org.

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